Notes

Social justice is a concept that has to do with equality and fairness in society. This could include ideas such as the fact that all members of society deserve to be treated fairly under the law, have access to making a living, access to adequate housing, clean water, food, health care, etc. In Victorian England, the setting of Oliver Twist and of all of Dickens' novels, there was a great deal of inequality in society, mainly because of the division of wealth and labor. Dickens sought to illustrate the problems with this system in his stories, and his novel  Oliver Twist is a particularly strong example because it depicts one of the worst expressions of inequality in that culture: the treatment of orphaned children. Dickens was able to raise awareness about the plight of orphans in the workhouses, and the general living conditions of the poor. He did this by depicting the lives of the poor via well-drawn characters like Oliver Twist himself, a spirited boy who responds to his cru...

The American and his girlfriend Jig have come to a train station in Spain near the Ebro River (rivers often run through Hemingway's stories). At first, they seem like a happy-go-lucky couple who are just enjoying a vacation. In the first part of the story, the reader understands that the man is in full control of the situation. He speaks Spanish, the language of the country where they are traveling, while the woman does not. He is seemingly an expert on the drinks they order. He is in charge of the luggage they are carrying, and presumably the itinerary of their travels. She appears passive and not really able to make up her own mind. At first, she says the hills look like white elephants (a veiled reference to the baby she is carrying), but later retracts that statement when it doesn't seem to suit the American. All the while, the American is attempting to convince her to have an abortion. In this matter he also takes on the role of the expert in women's reproductive issue...

There were several instances when the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union almost became "hot."  But most historians agree that the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 was perhaps the most dangerous moment in the conflict, when both sides came the closest to nuclear war.  The crisis, which lasted nearly two weeks, occurred when the Soviet Union under Nikita Khrushchev secretly sent nuclear missiles to the island of Cuba. These missiles gave the Soviets what was known as "first-strike" capability, because they could reach most of the east coast of the United States within five minutes, making a full nuclear response impossible. When American spy planes revealed the existence of the missiles to military leaders, President John F. Kennedy demanded that they be removed, and imposed a naval blockade, known as a "quarantine" for diplomatic reasons, on the island. Kennedy opted not to attack the island, which we know now would almost certainly...

At the end of Act Four, John Proctor is deciding between confessing a lie to save his life and refusing to lie but losing his life as a result.  He believes that he's already ruined his soul by cheating on his wife, and so he thinks that it would be wrong for him to go to his death, acting "like a saint," as though he had a soul worth saving.  Eventually John decides to confess the lie that he is a witch so that he can keep his life.  Elizabeth cries " in terror [...]: I cannot judge you, John, I cannot!"  She feels that she cannot judge John for his decision, though she would not likely make the same decision herself (as he's already pointed out); however, the fact that she weeps "in terror" makes it seem as though she is frightened by his choice.  Elizabeth does not speak again until the very end, after John has torn up his confession and refused to lie; this means that he will die.  When Mr. Hale encourages Elizabeth to plead with John and make...

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Atoms are the smallest fragments of matter that retain their chemical identity. Atoms contain a number of particles, including protons, neutrons and electrons. Among these, protons are positively charged, while electrons are negatively charged and neutrons are neutrally charged. The protons and neutrons exist within the nucleus, while electrons are located outside it.  Each element is characterized by two terms: atomic number and mass number. The atomic number is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Mass number, on the other hand, is the sum total of protons and neutrons of an atom. To determine the number of protons and neutrons in the atoms of a given element, we need to know the atomic number and mass number of the element. Using that information, we can find the number of protons and neutrons as: number of protons = atomic number number of neutrons = mass number - number of protons Hope this helps.

Although many factors contribute to Macbeth's imminent downfall, the play suggests that Macbeth alone is to blame for his own demise. He admits that his own ambition is the very reason he cannot prevent himself from committing evil deeds: Stars, hide your fires; Let not light see my black and deep desires... I have no spur To prick the sides of my intent, but only Vaulting ambition, which o'erleaps itself And falls on the other. We know that Macbeth is encouraged by his wife and the witches' prophecy to pursue his ambition. He needs to murder king Duncan if he wants to ascend the throne. Nevertheless, his inability to stifle his unrestrained ambition causes him to transform himself from a loyal and valiant warrior to an evil tyrant. Once Macbeth kills the benevolent king Duncan, he does not stop until he gets rid of anyone who he feels threatened by (Banquo, Macduff's family, etc.). By embracing evil, Macbeth deprives himself of peace and happiness. In Act V, he realize...

A lot happens in this final act of Hamlet , so narrowing everything down to those five remaining boxes is challenging. If I were you, I would start with a list of all the major things that happen from Claudius arranging the duel until the end of the play.  Hamlet has a philosophical chat with the gravedigger. Ophelia's funeral comes by and Laertes is mourning very loudly and publicly, even jumping into her grave. Hamlet jumps in too and starts fighting with Laertes about who loved Ophelia more. Hamlet challenges Laertes to a duel. [etc. until the end of the play] After you have your list done, you can pick out the most critical parts. For example, for this first part, I can cut out Hamlet's conversation with the grave-digger entirely, because it isn't important to Claudius' murder plot. Then I would condense the other three bullet points so they fit into just one box: "Hamlet and Laertes fight in Ophelia's grave and Hamlet challenges Laertes to a duel." Fo...

Humans are comprised of four main tissue types. These tissue types include nervous tissue, epithelial tissue, connective tissue, and muscular tissue. Epithelial tissue covers the surface of the body and forms the lining of most internal cavities. Functions of epithelial tissue include protection, secretions, absorption, and filtration. Our skin is the largest organ in our bodies and is made up of epithelial tissue. Skin protects our body from dirt, bacteria, and other microbes that may be harmful to us. Epithelial cells come in different shapes and sizes depending upon where they are found in the body. These cells can be thin, flat, cube shaped, or elongated. There are three types of muscular tissue. The types of muscular tissue include: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and its function is to move our bodies. A signal is sent from the brain for the muscle to contract. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and it is involuntary. Invo...

The Civil Rights Act of 1964, signed by President Lyndon Baines Johnson, is legislation that ruled out any discrimination based upon race, sex, religion, or national origin. This act amended the Civil Rights Act of 1957. In a sense, the Civil Rights Act was the fulfillment of the "promissory note" to which Dr. Martin Luther King alluded in his "I Have a Dream" speech in which he invoked the words of the American Constitution and the implications of the Fourteenth Amendment that had not been fulfilled for people of color. After the signing of this bill, there were a number of changes effected in hiring minorities and women, along with admissions to college, among other things. Section 703 of this bill made it unlawful for an employer to ...fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions or privileges or employment, because of such individual's race, colo...

Dexter's family is solidly middle class as his father owns the "second best" grocery store in their town of Black Bear, Minnesota. Because his father has a lucrative business, Dexter caddies at the Sherry Island Golf Club merely for pocket money, unlike the other caddies who are so poor that they live in one-room houses. At the country club, Dexter Green is able to associate with the wealthy. There he delights in the "admiring crowd" of men such as Mr. Mortimer Jones, a prosperous member and owner of a coveted Pierce-Arrow automobile, who watches with amazement when Dexter gives exhibitions of his skillful and showy dives off the springboard of the club raft. Later on, Dexter's father prospers enough that he is able to pay his son's way to the state university, but Dexter wants more. Whereas his father may have "association with glittering things," Dexter desires the "glittering things" themselves. That is, he aspires to the upper cla...

After Robert E. Lee's troops were cut off from supplies and surrounded by the Union forces, surrender was inevitable. Lee's role in the surrender from this difficult position was to ask Ulysses S. Grant what the terms of surrender would be. For his part, Ulysses S. Grant wanted to begin the process of healing the nation at Appomattox. While a natural reaction would be to approach the surrender by gloating and punishing the South, Grant offered fairly lenient terms for the Army of Northern Virginia. He granted a full pardon to all of the soldiers and officers and even printed pardons for them to take back home with them. He allowed the officers to keep their sidearms, but all weapons of war were to be surrendered by the soldiers. The Union also fed the starving Confederate troops before sending them home to begin the process of rebuilding.

Maniac Magee rarely felt at home.  His parents both perished in a tragic trolley car accident when he was three years old.  He was sent to live with his aunt and uncle, who had a strained marital relationship.  They did not speak to one another.  They did not share anything in their house.  After years of dealing with their behavior toward one another, Maniac snapped.  He could not stand it anymore, and he ran away.  He wound up in Two Mills, which was across the river from the home he had lived in with his parents. In Two Mills, Maniac did not have a home at first.  He slept in "the deer shed at the Elmwood Park Zoo" until the Beale family invited him to stay with them.  It was at their house that Maniac first showed how much he valued having an address.  On the first night in their house, Maniac walked outside and "looked at the three cast-iron digits nailed to the door frame: seven two eight."  Maniac smiled happily because he "finally had an address." ...

Realism is the theory of international relations under which nations are rational agents that each act in their own self-interest. Realists consider the internal structure of a national government to be largely irrelevant, and model international politics as essentially a competition between different self-interested individuals who are fighting over territory and resources. Liberalism is the theory of international relations that nations are structured around values , and their internal structure does matter; liberal theorists typically argue that democratic countries are more peaceful than authoritarian countries, for example. Liberals believe that international cooperation can be established and maintained, and is more likely to work when different nations share the same values and system of government. We can actually think of these as two ends of a continuum: At the extreme realist end of the continuum, international politics is just a Hobbesian war of all against all where every...

There are at least two ways we can approach this question: by asking how the GMOs themselves affect the environment, and evaluating how their use affects human practices that impact the environment. One of the most common targets for criticism and application of GMOs is the agriculture industry. Companies are successfully engineering new types of crops, sold in seed form, that offer a variety of benefits, such as resistance to pesticides or higher crop yields. One of the downsides of this, from the consumer perspective, is that farmers are sometimes not allowed to keep seeds from one year's harvest to plant in the next; the seeds and their genetic content are technically the property of the company that creates them. Further, it's entirely possible the seeds and crops could be intentionally or accidentally transported beyond the areas they are intended to be planted in, displacing native species due to superior traits. This would be another form of human-caused invasive species...