Notes

There are three types of mechanical waves. They are longitudinal waves, transverse waves, and surface waves. I will discuss the properties of each type of wave. Longitudinal waves are waves in which the particles move in a direction parallel to the direction the wave moves. An example is a slinky stretched out horizontally on the ground. You send a pulse without lifting the slinky. As energy is being displaced from left to right, the individual coils will be displaced left to right. Sound waves are another example of a longitudinal wave. Transverse waves are waves in which the particles move in a direction perpendicular to the direction the wave moves. An example is if you have a slinky stretch out horizontally and lift it up and down quickly. The direction of energy is going to go forward but the slinky is going to create a wave that goes up and down. Another example is the vibration of a string. A surface wave is a wave in which particles of a medium undergo a circular motion. An exa...

The Prohibition Act of 1920, which illegalized the sale, distribution, and manufacture of liquor, was repealed in 1933. The act was ratified as an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, becoming the Eighteenth Amendment. The Twenty-First Amendment then repealed the Eighteenth. Prohibition was repealed because it was very difficult to enact. The prohibition of the legal sale, distribution, and manufacture of liquor did not quell the public's appetite for it. On the contrary, that thirst was quenched by organized criminal syndicates. Many of history's best-known mobsters, including Al Capone, got a great deal of their business from selling liquor.  When criminals take over a trade that is as lucrative as the liquor business, they use violence to eliminate their competition. Their competitors became their murder victims. The St. Valentine's Day Massacre, led by Capone, is the most notorious example of a criminal syndicate trying to rid itself of competition in the liquor market. ...

By alluding to this famous poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Mary Shelley creates a mood of foreboding, but ultimately it is optimistic. Early on, Captain Walton writes to his sister, saying, "I am going to unexplored regions, to 'the land of mist and snow;' but I shall kill no albatross, therefore do not be alarmed for my safety." "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" tells the story of an old sailor who, on a long voyage, killed an albatross and brought down a curse upon himself and the crew of his ship.  He tells the story of his misfortune to whomever needs to hear it and learn from it in order to avoid tragedy in their own life. Once Victor is introduced and he begins to tell his tragic story, one that he brought upon himself just as the mariner did, it begins to seem as though hearing Victor's story may prove efficacious for Walton if and when he must make a decision to avert potential tragedy.  This is what happens in the end, when Walton makes the dif...

Life for a slave during this era would have varied widely depending on the individual slave’s circumstances.  We have to remember that, while slavery was a horrible and evil institution, not all slaves experienced it in exactly the same way.  The slaves were individual people with different experiences. In one sense, we can say that life would have been terrible for all slaves.  Every slave would have lived their entire life knowing that they were not free.  Every slave would have known that, at any moment, they could be beaten at the whim of another.  Every slave would have known that their owner could sell them or their family or friends and they would never see one another again.  Every female slave would have known that she could be sexually abused with impunity.  Even if these things never did happen to a given slave, each slave would have known that they could happen and therefore each slave would have lived life feeling very insecure and feeling that they had not control over th...

Terabithia is the imaginary kingdom where Jesse and his best friend Leslie play together. One afternoon, in Chapter 5, the friends imagine that they are holding a "council of war" as they play in Terabithia together, and they talk about how to get even with the bully Janice Avery : That afternoon, crouched in the stronghold of Terabithia, they held a council of war. How to get Janice Avery without ending up squashed or suspended-that was their problem. Jesse and Leslie are angry with Janice for being mean to them over and over, but they're especially angry with her for stealing the special Twinkies from Jesse's little sister, May Belle. So they think of different ways to teach Janice a lesson and make her stop bothering May Belle and others. It's a difficult goal, because they don't want to get in trouble themselves, and whatever they do to Janice they have to do in secret: they don't want Janice to know it's them who's messing with her or she'...

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In Harper Lee’s novel To Kill a Mockingbird , the school puts on a play for the community.  All of the children are dressed as the county’s agricultural products.  The children were dressed as things such as butterbeans, a cow, a peanut, and Scout was dressed as a ham.  Scout was quite uncomfortable in her costume, but soon realized that she could tuck her feet underneath it to sit down to rest.  She did this while Mrs. Merriweather was droning on and on about Colonel Maycomb’s accomplishments and exploits.  Unfortunately for Scout, she became bored and too comfortable while this was going on, and fell asleep.  As a result, she missed her cue: “I must have heard her in my sleep, or the band playing Dixie woke me, but it was when Mrs. Merriweather triumphantly mounted the stage with the state flag that I chose to make my entrance. Chose is incorrect: I thought I’d better catch up with the rest of them.” Mrs. Merriweather even went so far as to tell Scout backstage that she ruined the pe...

When the Constitution was being written, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention believed a system of checks and balances was needed to maintain our democracy. The purpose of having a system of checks and balances is to prevent any branch of government or any person in government from becoming too powerful. We fought against the British because we felt the King had too much power and abused the rights of the colonists. The delegates wanted to create a plan of government that was stronger than the government created by the Articles of Confederation, but not one that had too much power. In our system of government, Congress makes the laws. However, to prevent Congress from abusing its lawmaking power, the President has to sign a bill into law. If the President is against the law, he can veto it. This prevents the bill from becoming law. However, if Congress really believes the law is a good one and should go into effect, Congress can override the veto by having two-thirds of both ...

In the Disney film adaptation of The Jungle Book, King Louie is the leader of the orangutans who tries to convince Mowgli to teach him how to make fire. Louie is lighthearted, fun-loving and happy, and lives in a palace made from ancient ruins. When he hears about Mowgli and his desire to remain in the jungle, he views at as an opportunity to learn about fire and sends monkeys to kidnap him. Louie sings the song "I Wanna be like You" to Mowgli, expressing his desire to be a human and learn the secret of"Man's Red Flower." He promises to help Mowgli stay in the jungle in exchange for fire, but Mowgli doesn't understand. Louie keeps asking until he is distracted by a female orangutan, which turns out to be Baloo in disguise. Baloo and Bagheera use the distraction to rescue Mowgli. In the resulting chase, a  group of Louie's monkey subjects damages his palace, and he is left behind trying to repair the damage. This is his last appearance in the film.

DNA is composed of linear sequences of nucleotide bases . Each nucleotide base  is composed of a nitrogen base, a five carbon sugar, and a phosphate group. The nucleotide bases in DNA are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.  A  gene  is a specific sequence of nucleotides of DNA. Each gene codes for the production of a particular protein. The DNA gene code is turned into a protein through the cellular processes of transcription and translation . Proteins are composed of amino acids. Each amino acid corresponds to a three nucleotide code in the DNA. Proteins can be structural or regulatory. Structural proteins provide the building blocks of organisms. Regulatory proteins are involved in gene control and cell division. Therefore, genes are not located on proteins - genes provide the blueprint for the construction of proteins. 

In spite of his fascination with decay and death (see the "poor Yorick" soliloquy), I don't think that Hamlet wants to commit suicide. In fact, he doesn't really want to do  anything , except go back to school in Wittenburg.  But when he swears to avenge his father's murder in Act I, that path is closed to him.  The realization that his life as he knows it is  already  over leads him to contemplate his other options, none of which he finds very appealing.  While many view Hamlet as suicidal, it could be argued that he's just struggling with existential angst. His father's death has obviously affected him a great deal, and he's wrestling with the absurdity of death and all of its unknowns throughout much of the play. His "To be or not to be" soliloquy is probably the most overtly "suicidal" speech, but in the end he concludes that not knowing what comes after death makes us remain "cowards" who continue living.   In many wa...

I think the best way to defend your client, the narrator of this story, is to argue he is insane. The narrator is so afraid of death that it has driven him mad. In the first line, the narrator says, "very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but why will you say that I am mad?" Whoever this "you" is decided the narrator is insane, and so he cannot be found guilty because he is incapable of properly understanding both his own actions and the world around him.  The narrator's obsession with time—at what time he does something, how long it takes to do something—is one way with which to prove this. The narrator begins the process of sneaking into the old man's room "every night, about midnight," and it takes him "an hour" to put his head through the door. He does this for seven nights, "every night, just at midnight," and feels the old man would be shocked to learn what he does "every night, just at twelve."  On the...

There are two forces in this case: the tension in the rope, which is equal to 455 N and the weight of the climber. We all experience the effect of Earth's gravity on our body. Our weight is the force on our body due to the gravity of Earth and is calculated by using Newton's second law of motion, or  weight = mass x acceleration = m x g Weight always acts downwards. Weight of climber = mass x acceleration due to gravity  = 95 kg x 9.8 m/s^2 = 931 N (downwards) Tension in the climber's rope = 455 N (upwards). Thus, the net force on the climber (if he is not moving)  = tension - weight = 455 - 931 N = -476 N  or, the net force on the climber is 476 N in the downward direction. Hope this helps.

The reader should sense that there was something strange about the man standing in the doorway because that was the effect O. Henry intended to produce. Here are the pertinent sentences: Now and then you might see the lights of a cigar store or of an all-night lunch counter; but the majority of the doors belonged to business places that had long since been closed. When about midway of a certain block the policeman suddenly slowed his walk. In the doorway of a darkened hardware store a man leaned, with an unlighted cigar in his mouth. It is ten o'clock on a cold, wet, windy night. Most of the business places have been closed for hours. A well-dressed man is standing in the doorway of a darkened hardware store. What would such a man be doing there at that hour? Why doesn't he light his cigar? His only reason for being inside the doorway would be to light the cigar out of the wind and rain. But if he lit the cigar, wouldn't he have to stay in the doorway until he had smoked it...

While states used to generally require Algebra I and geometry, many states are moving towards requiring geometry and Algebra II, including some trigonometry, for students to graduate from high school (see the first link below for state requirements). The state with the highest math scores, according to the National Center for Education Statistics (see the NCES link below) is Massachusetts, which leaves these decisions up to local school boards. The lowest-performing state, Alabama, requires Algebra II and some trigonometry. While this is a worthwhile goal, it's very possible that many students, even though bound for four-year colleges, will not be prepared to handle this type of math in high school. As Massachusetts, the highest-performing state, allows local school boards to set standards, this might be the best policy. It is difficult to require many students to pass Algebra II that includes trigonometry because they simply don't have the background from elementary and middle...

The Missouri Compromise allowed Missouri to be admitted to the Union as a slave state.  Naturally, you would not have liked this action if you were opposed to slavery.  You might have found the practice of slavery morally reprehensible and would not have appreciated it being expanded into a new state.  Politically speaking, the admission of Missouri as a slave state gave the South more power in Congress.  Maine was admitted as a free state, which lessened the sting for the Northern states a little bit in this case.  Another reason to dislike the compromise is that it set a precedent that Congress would cave to the pressure of the slave states in the future.  After the Missouri Compromise, states would not be admitted unless a free and slave state could be admitted at the same time.  A final reason to be against the Missouri Compromise is that it further divided the country on the issue of slavery.  

By the end of Animal Farm , the animals' lives have changed considerably and for the worse. It is important, however, to differentiate between the animals: the pigs, for instance, enjoy the best conditions on the farm. They live in the farmhouse, drink whiskey and do none of the hard work. Their conditions are best summed up by the single remaining Commandment: "All animals are equal but some are more equal than others." But for the other animals on the farm, life is very hard. They receive very small rations of food, work very hard, especially in rebuilding the windmill, and are forced to take part in "Spontaneous Demonstrations" and processions which celebrate the so-called the triumphs of life on the farm since the animals took power. In addition, the animals have witnessed the destruction of Boxer, one of the most-loved and well-respected animals on the farm, who was sold to a glue manufacturer in Chapter Nine. Life, therefore, is far harder than it ever was...