A thesis statement has two aims, to state your main idea, which is your thesis, and to list the points you will make to support that idea. These are combined into one sentence that should be placed at the end of your introduction.
The starting point is to decide what your main idea is for your essay, what you want the reader to take away after reading your essay. In this particular story, there are any number of main ideas you might want to focus on. For example, your main idea might be that Madame Loisel is a particularly unlikable person. Or your main idea could be that Madame Loisel is a dishonest woman. You might also think that Madame Loisel learned a lesson in this story. What lesson might that be? It is up to you to settle on one main idea, and then you can decide how to support it.
Let's suppose for the moment that you have decided your thesis is that Madame Loisel is quite unlikable. Three ways to support that idea are to show that she is vain, never satisfied, and dishonest. So, a thesis statement would look like this:
Madame Loisel is an unlikable character because she is vain, dissatisfied, and dishonest.
That is a thesis statement that states a main idea and supporting points. Now it is up to you to decide what your main idea is and how you will support it.
Once you do that, you can develop each point in the thesis statement into a body paragraph, with support from the story to help make your point. Give each body paragraph a topic sentence that lets the reader know what the point is from the thesis statement. That will help you to stay focused on that particular point.
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