Notes

Initially, Juliet is planning to kill herself if Friar Lawrence doesn't have a solution to her problem. After hearing her father's decree that she marry Count Paris and the Nurse's denouncement of Romeo at the end of Act III she has no choice but to turn to the Friar for advice. After an awkward conversation with Paris outside Lawrence's "cell" at the beginning of Act IV, she reveals to the Friar that she's carrying a knife and will use it if he can't advise her: If in thy wisdom thou canst give no help, Do thou but call my resolution wise, And with this knife I’ll help it presently. The Friar has obviously been thinking about her problem after being asked by Paris to perform the marriage. He would be equally guilty if he were to marry her to another man, and so his reputation is just as much at stake. Therefore, he comes up with a wild plan for Juliet to fake her death by taking a potion which will render her lifeless for almost two days. Shakespeare ...

This phrase appears twice in the text, and it’s used as a metaphor. (Meaning: it uses one term or image to describe another.) It refers to a noise equal to the most intense thunder you have ever heard. The first time we read it is when the Tyrannosaurus rex crashes onto the scene. Bradbury uses the thunder reference here to let us know that the dinosaur is enormous and that it dominates the landscape. The animal strikes fear into those who see, hear, and smell him, and especially the hunter Eckels. The second time the phrase appears is in the last line of the story. We know that Travis has a gun. We know that he is upset with the changes that have occurred as a result of the butterfly that Eckels accidentally stepped on, in past time. We are left to conclude that someone was injured or killed by the gun, which at close range would have been quite loud and destructive. It is up to us readers to decide what happens and what the “sound of thunder” indicates here.

`int5cos(x)/(sin^2(x)+3sin(x)-4)dx` Take the constant out, `=5intcos(x)/(sin^2(x)+3sin(x)-4)dx` Now let's apply integral substitution:`u=sin(x)` `=>du=cos(x)dx` `=5int1/(u^2+3u-4)du` Now to use partial fractions, denominator of the integrand needs to be factored, Let's split the middle term, `1/(u^2+3u-4)=1/(u^2-u+4u-4)` `=1/(u(u-1)+4(u-1))` `=1/((u-1)(u+4))` Now let's write it as sum of partial fractions: `1/((u-1)(u+4))=A/(u-1)+B/(u+4)` Multiply the above by the LCD, `=>1=A(u+4)+B(u-1)` `1=Au+4A+Bu-B` `1=(A+B)u+4A-B` Equating the coefficients of the like terms, `A+B=0`   -----------------------------(1) `4A-B=1`  ----------------------------(2) Solve the above linear equations to get the values of A and B, Add equation 1 and 2, `5A=1` `A=1/5` Plug the value of A in equation 1, `1/5+B=0` `B=-1/5` Plug in the values of A and B in the partial fraction template, `1/((u-1)(u+4))=(1/5)/(u-1)+(-1/5)/(u+4)` `=1/(5(u-1))-1/(5(u+4))` `int1/(u^2+3u-4)du=int(1/(5(u-1))-1/(5(u+4...

In Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 , conversation between Montag and Mildred is similar to the program she watches on the "parlor walls." Montag has become accustomed to referring to characters in the television program Mildred watches by their characters' names, as if they were members of the family, as with "Uncle Louis" or "Aunt Maude." Montag comes to despise the very thing that so engages his wife's attention throughout each day. She lives vicariously through the experiences of closely scripted actors on the screen, but when they speak, they say virtually nothing of importance; Mildred is so passively engaged that she cannot even answer questions about what is going on with the characters. She has no idea. Montag takes a hard look at the programming that is constantly pouring into his living room: And the uncles, the aunts, the cousins, the nieces, the nephews, that lived in those walls, the gibbering pace of tree apes that said nothing, nothing...

In Chapter 15, Jem and the children decide to look for Atticus and end up spotting him sitting outside of the Maycomb jailhouse reading the newspaper. As Jem, Scout, and Dill watch from across the street, the Old Sarum bunch arrives and surrounds Atticus. The children then move closer and hide near Tyndal's Hardware store. Scout listens as Atticus tells Walter to leave and Walter responds by saying that they called Sherriff Tate off on a snipe hunt. After Walter says, "that changes things, doesn't it?," Atticus responds by saying, "Do you really think so?" (Lee 93). Scout cannot contain her curiosity and runs out into the middle of the group of men. Everyone is shocked at Scout's arrival, and Jem slowly follows her out. Scout is unaware of the dangerous situation she has just entered and watches as Atticus tries to get Jem to leave. Scout then looks around at the circle of men and notices Walter Cunningham. Scout attempts to get his attention by talking ...

The title of Sara Teasdale’s poem “There Will Come Soft Rains” symbolizes the passage of time and renewal. It is a prediction of what is to come, and indicates the cycle of life. She identifies the poem as being set in war time. Despite the ravages of war, the seasons, nature, and life continue. The spring will come again washing over the land, as life renews itself, without a care for whether mankind survives. Sara Teasdale writes of the swallows, robins, frogs, and flowers, which are all signs of the spring season. Despite the poem's melancholy tone, spring is symbolic of new life and hope. In this poem, however, the poet does not include human life in that hopefulness. Not one would mind, neither bird nor tree If mankind perished utterly; And Spring herself, when she woke at dawn, Would scarcely know that we were gone.

aylor series is an example of infinite series derived from the expansion of `f(x)` about a single point. It is represented by infinite sum of `f^n(x)` centered at `x=c` . The general formula for Taylor series is: `f(x) = sum_(n=0)^oo (f^n(c))/(n!) (x-c)^n` or `f(x) =f(c)+f'(c)(x-c) +(f''(c))/(2!)(x-c)^2 +(f^3(c))/(3!)(x-c)^3 +(f'^4(a))/(4!)(x-c)^4 +...` To apply the definition of Taylor series for the given function `f(x) = e^x` , we list `f^n(x)` using  the derivative formula for exponential function: `d/(dx) e^u = e^u * (du)/(dx).` Let `u =x` then `(du)/(dx)= 1` . Applying the values on the derivative formula for exponential function, we get: `d/(dx) e^x = e^x *1=e^x` Applying `d/(dx) e^x= e^x`   for each` f^n(x)` , we get: `f'(x) = d/(dx)e^x =e^x` `f^2(x) =(d^2(e^x))/(dx)=e^x` `f^3(x) =(d^3(e^x))/(dx)=e^x` `f^4(x) =(d^4(e^x))/(dx)=e^x` All of the `f^n(x)` is represented by `e^x` . Plug-in `x=1` , we get: `f(1) =e^1 =e` `f'(1) =e^1 =e` `f^2(1) =e^1 =e` `f^3(1...

The frog presented himself as an expert in music and offered to coach the nightingale. The nightingale was too naïve to recognize the frog’s evil scheme. Before the nightingale arrived, the frog was the sole singer in Bingle Bog. However, his singing was horrible, and it only served to torment the rest of the animals. The nightingale’s first performance attracted and entertained all the animals in Bingle Bog. The animals showered her with praises after her performance. The spectacle infuriated the frog, making him jealous of the nightingale. The frog offered to train the nightingale, but in reality, he just wanted to do away with the competition by wrecking the nightingale’s singing ability. The nightingale accepted the offer, and the frog maliciously carried out his plan. The frog made the nightingale sing every single night and day. He also made her train in spite of poor weather. The frog was relentless, and this took a toll on the nightingale. The situation led to the nightingale’s...

St. Clare realizes that slavery is wrong, but he feels trapped by the institution. He is not a religious man, though he seems to want to experience faith, and similarly he fails to act on the belief that slavery is wrong. When his little daughter Eva lies sick, she asks if all enslaved people might be made free, and his response is telling: There's no doubt that this way is a very bad one; a great many people think so; I do myself. I heartily wish that there were not a slave in the land; but, then, I don't know what is to be done about it! Slavery, then, places St. Clare in a situation where he is forced (or more accurately, feels forced) to act against his own morality. But Stowe is critical of this view, as demonstrated when St. Clare reads a passage from the Bible with Tom that persuades him, essentially, that to do no good is the same as to do evil. He is still somewhat conflicted, thinking that his slaves will not be able to make it in the world once they are emancipated. ...

I would suggest something like this: "How does the poet convey the vivid, subjective impressions of a 16-year-old, while also indicating that the narrator has evolved, and now sees these memories in a different light?" Here's why. Obviously, deciding if a question is "essential" depends on a certain amount of subjectivity. But this poem is clearly presented as the recollection of an older woman about her experiences and perceptions as an adolescent. It is just as clearly concerned with evoking vivid sensory impressions, and it makes us aware of two, sometimes conflicting perspectives: The teenager's and the adult narrator's. So while readers may disagree about shades of meaning, I think most will acknowledge that the meaning of the poem concerns these two points: (1) what it felt like to be a sixteen-year-old enjoying a carefree summer day, and (2) what it feels like to revisit those feelings from a different perspective -- the perspective of an older, w...

One challenge a person has in a career is Jonas’s father.  Jonas’s father is a Nurturer, which means that he takes care of babies from the time they are born until they turn One and are assigned to families.  He has a little boy who is not growing fast enough.  Children are assigned numbers and not given names until they go to families, but Jonas’s father breaks the rules.  "I feel a little guilty about this. But I did go in this afternoon and looked to see if this year's Naming list had been made yet. … I looked up number Thirty-six … because it occurred to me that it might enhance his nurturing if I could call him by a name. Just privately, of course, when no one else is around." (Ch. 2)  Jonas is fascinated that his father would break a rule, but he does it because he is worried about the baby. Rules about babies not being assigned to families also cause his father problems because he does not feel that the baby is well cared for at night. He asks to take him home, and...

Yes, the title "Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening" is appropriate for the Robert Frost poem.  The narrator of the poem is on his way somewhere with his horse when he stops in the woods.  It is wintertime and the woods are "[filling] up with snow" on the dark evening.  The narrator notes that his horse must be confused that they are stopping in the woods instead of at a house.  The horse even shakes his head because he does not know why they have stopped.  The narrator observes how "lovely, dark and deep" the woods are on that winter evening.  The woods are almost silent when the narrator stops.  All that he can hear are the bells on his horse's harness jingling, the wind blowing, and the snowflakes falling.  It appears that the narrator wants to stay longer in the woods, but he has "miles to go before" he can rest.

We are asked to graph the function ` y=(x^2+11x+18)/(2x+1) ` : Factoring the numerator yields: `y=((x+9)(x+2))/(2x+1) ` There is a vertical asymptote at x=-1/2. The x-intercepts are at -2,-9. There is no horizontal asymptote as the degree of the numerator is greater than the degree of the denominator. The slant asymptote, found by division, is y=1/2x+21/4. The graph:

The primary cells of the nervous system are neurons. Neurons need to communicate with each other in order to send information, in the form of electrical signals, throughout the body. Some neurons simply send those signals directly into other neurons, but the majority of them do not. Instead, they release chemicals into the (very small) space in between one neuron and another. You can think of this like writing on a post-it note and handing it to the person next to you. The messages (chemicals) that the neurons release are called neurotransmitters, and voltage-gated calcium channels are critical to their function. The first step in communication is the arrival of an electrical signal (called an action potential) which triggers the calcium channels to open. This influx of calcium signals vesicles (small "bubbles" inside the cell, filled with neurotransmitters) to go to the edge of the cell, fuse with the membrane, and release their neurotransmitters. If the calcium channels are...

In Kurt Vonnegut's short story "Harrison Bergeron," he evokes a future version of America where equality is legally enforced. It is now written into the American Constitution, and there is an office of the "United States Handicapper General" which is responsible for enforcing this equality. Individuals who are smarter or more attractive than the norm are handicapped: they wear earpieces that make noises to distract their thinking, masks to cover their faces, and so on. That's the context in which Harrison Bergeron acts. That context matters a lot, because that's what Harrison is acting against. Harrison's views are not well-developed or especially well-explained. They essentially boil down to two or three things. First, Harrison rejects the enforced equality. Second, he has the gifts and abilities to do so: he is extremely smart and physically powerful. Third, he declares himself emperor. He is explicitly rejecting the projected enforced legal equali...

In the Heart of Darkness , Marlow, the narrator, relates his long fascination with the Congo, in the heart of Africa. At first, the darkness in the novella seems to lie with the Congolese natives, as Marlow winds his way down the Congo River deeper into the ivory-producing regions of the colony. However, as Marlow discovers Kurtz, the enigmatic station chief in the heart of the colony, Marlow realizes the darkness lies with Kurtz and the Europeans, who exploit the native Congolese people to produce ivory. When Kurtz dies, his last words are "The horror! The horror!" (page numbers vary by edition). Marlow says, "I saw on that ivory face the expression of sombre pride, of ruthless power, of craven terror—of an intense and hopeless despair" (page numbers vary by edition). Marlow realizes that ivory, referred to in the image of Kurtz's "ivory face," is the source of evil. White is evil, as are the colonial overlords who bring death to so many Congolese. Th...

First of all, the Constitution specifies that the national government’s laws will be superior to those of the states.  That is, when state and national laws conflict, the national laws must win out and the state laws must be rejected.  This is found in Article VI.  That article says, in part, that This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof … shall be the supreme Law of the Land. This establishes the basic idea of our federal system, which is that the national government is superior to the state governments in those areas where it has the power to act. But in which areas does the national government have power to act?  The Constitution specifically lays out powers that the federal government has and powers that it does not have.  The main place where the Constitution does this is in Article I, Sections 8, 9, and 10.   Section 8 lays out the enumerated powers that the national government holds.  Section 9 tells what Congress cannot do.  ...

 It might seem natural to assume that your hypothesis is wrong, and therefore rethink your hypothesis. In fact, in a popular article for LiveScience (see link below), that's exactly what the author suggests: The scientist either rejects the hypothesis outright, or modifies the hypothesis to account for the failed prediction. Either way, the implication is that the scientist "goes back to the drawing board" to come up with new predictions to test. But in the real world, scientists don't always assume there is something wrong with the hypothesis. Before you reject your hypothesis, it's important to check your reasoning. You might have made a mistake at the step of generating predictions. Does your prediction necessarily follow from your hypothesis? Or you might have made a mistake during the testing process. Did you execute a clean experiment? Did you successfully control for other factors that might have influenced the results? It's not hard to imagine how you ...

By 1933, low economic growth, high unemployment and hyperinflation had many German families on the brink of starvation. The economic growth that came after World War I was a direct result of US loans to Germany that allowed the economy to grow and the country to pay the extremely high reparations payments imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. The Dawes Plan provided loans that were to be directly invested in the Germany economy, thus enabling Germany to pay the exorbitant reparations payments. It was a circular plan that looked like this:  The US landed money to Germany Germany paid reparations to France, Great Britain, Belgium, et al. The former Allies paid loans back to the United States for monies lent doing WWI.  The loans to Germany dried up in 1928 due to the faltering economy in the United States, and when the US Stock Market crashed in 1929, the consequences to all of Europe were extreme. Germany was especially hard hit as the fiscal response of the Weimar Government showed its ...

Updike's poem "Dog's Death" is about the unseen hurts that creatures we love walk around with and that they cannot survive even though we love them. That is a thesis about the poem. After his puppy dies, the narrator finds out that the dog had been walking around with a ruptured liver. All the time that the family was trying to encourage the puppy to follow rules, such as using newspapers to go to the bathroom and praising her with the words "good dog," the dog was carrying around an injury, perhaps from a brush with a car or a kick, that will kill her. After the dog dies, the family realizes she really was a good dog and had been suffering with diarrhea but still dragged herself over to use the newspaper. Walking around with this unseen injury, she tried to be a good dog until the end of her life. The narrator says, "Though surrounded by love that would have upheld her,/ Nevertheless she sank and, stiffening, disappeared." The narrator is crushed ...

Shakespeare presents both the good and bad sides of Lady Macbeth's character by showing his audience what she is like when she's alone, or when she thinks she's alone, because that is when she can be her true self without attempting to hide or persuade.   First, in her response to Macbeth's letter in Act 1, Scene 5, we see some of her worst qualities displayed.  She is manipulative, wishing her husband home so that she can "pour [her] spirits in [his] ear" and coerce him to commit to the violence she plots against the king (1.5.29).  Her concern that he is "too full o' th' milk of human kindness" to commit such violence without her coercion shows that she lacks (or wishes to lack) such kindness or compassion (1.5.17).  Lady Macbeth jumps to murder right away, whereas it took Macbeth some time to consider it.  She calls Duncan's arrival at their house his "fatal entrance," indicating that she has already begun to plot his murder ...

Even though plant and animal cells both are eukaryotic cells, there are a number of differences between the two, especially in terms of the organelles that are present in them. Here is a brief listing of organelle that are found in plant cells, but not in animal cells: Plant cells have a cell wall, while animal cells do not. The plasma membrane acts as the external wall or boundary of the animal cell. Plant cells have chloroplasts, which enable them to do photosynthesis, while animal cells do not. Chloroplasts enable plant cells to make their own food.  Plant cells have a very large vacuole. In comparison, animal cells have very small vacuoles.  Plastids are present in plant cells, but not in animal cells. There are a number of organelle, such as lysosomes, centrioles and cilia that are present in animal cells, but are (generally) absent from most plant cells. Hope this helps.

The story "Speaking of Courage" in The Things They Carried is about the difficulty of both speaking and courage. In it, we follow Norman Bowker as he drives around and around the lake in his hometown, thinking about the war and the moment his courage failed him and he could not save Kiowa. It's clear that he feels guilt about this and even more clear that he needs to talk about it, and the war in general, as he keeps fantasizing about doing so. He imagines going to his ex-girlfriend Sally's house to talk to her, keeping things light and not talking about the war too much, just showing off his wartime trick of being able to tell the exact time without a watch. He decides not to, though, saying, "She looked happy. She had her house and her new husband, and there was really nothing he could say to her." Like many of the soldiers who returned home after the Vietnam War, Bowker is having a difficult time reconciling his wartime experiences with everyday reality ...

After following Okonkwo's staunch perspective throughout the entirety of the tale, Chinua Achebe's classic debut novel Things Fall Apart provocatively ends by narrowing in on the white District Commissioner's perception of the final scene. Indeed, after Okonkwo hangs himself, the Commissioner thinks to himself: "The story of this man who had killed a messenger and hanged himself would make interesting reading. One could almost write a whole chapter on him. Perhaps not a whole chapter, but a reasonable paragraph, at any rate" (208-9). To me, this is especially interesting for two reasons. First, it is obviously ironic, and a scathing commentary on how European settlers have patronizing images of Africa as a dark, primitive, and untamed continent. Achebe is able to communicate Okonkwo's tragic tale in the span of a novel, but this calloused District Commissioner believes that Okonkwo's life would not even be worth a chapter. Next, Achebe's choice to let...

That is a great question. Technology can help distort history in a number of ways. Some of them are large, even crude. Consider the effects of pollution, for example. Pollution can discolor historical monuments, corrode paintings, etc. Or consider the effect of modern construction machines, or modern mining techniques. They both result in large scale disruption of the landscape. This would distort history by literally removing some historical sites, and by changing their relationship to others. A number of dams have flooded historically important sites, like cemeteries. Again, these are examples of large scale distortion. There are more subtle ways technology can distort history. Three come to mind. First, broadcast technologies (radio, television, etc.) mean local cultures are flooded by mass media. These shows and songs can and do displace regional cultures, making it more likely some history will be forgotten. Second, digitizing historical texts makes them available more widely. Tha...

After their greeting, Romeo asks Benvolio if that was his father he just saw leaving and Benvolio replies in the affirmative. He also tells Benvolio that his sad hours seem long and tells him that the reason for this is that he does not have that which would make the hours seem shorter. He is obviously referring to Rosaline who, he says, has rejected him. He says that he is out of favour with the one he loves.   Romeo then goes into a passionate tirade about love being similar to hate. He juxtaposes the two based on the fact that Benvolio has just told him about the brawl that ended sometime before his arrival. Romeo says: Alas, that love, whose view is muffled still, Should, without eyes, see pathways to his will! Where shall we dine? O me! What fray was here? Yet tell me not, for I have heard it all. Here's much to do with hate, but more with love. Why, then, O brawling love! O loving hate! O any thing, of nothing first create! O heavy lightness! serious vanity! Mis-shapen chaos ...

To evaluate the given equation `25^(10x+8)=(1/125)^(4-2x)` , we may apply `25=5^2` and `1/125=5^(-3)` . The equation becomes: `(5^2)^(10x+8)=(5^(-3))^(4-2x)` Apply Law of Exponents: `(x^n)^m = x^(n*m)` . `5^(2*(10x+8))=5^((-3)*(4-2x))` `5^(20x+16)=5^(-12+6x)` Apply the theorem: If `b^x=b^y` then `x=y` , we get: `20x+16=-12+6x` Subtract `6x` from both sides of the equation. `20x+16-6x=-12+6x-6x` `14x+16=-12` Subtract `16` from both sides of the equation. `14x+16-16=-12-16` `14x=-28` Divide both sides by `14` . `(14x)/14=(-28)/14` `x=-2` Checking: Plug-in `x=-2` on `25^(10x+8)=(1/125)^(4-2x)` . `25^(10*(-2)+8)=?(1/125)^(4-2*(-2))` `25^(-20+8)=?(1/125)^(4+4)` `25^(-12)=?(1/125)^(8)` `(5^2)^(-12)=?(5^(-3))^(8)` `5^(2*(-12))=?5^((-3)*8)` `5^(-24)=5^(-24) `             TRUE Thus, there is no extraneous solution. The `x=-2` is the  real exact solution  of the equation `25^(10x+8)=(1/125)^(4-2x)` . 

The sniper kills the old woman because she is an informant for the Free Staters.  In addition to her being an informant, the old woman knows the location of the protagonist sniper.  The sniper watches her flag down an enemy vehicle.  She talks to the soldier inside, and she points toward where the sniper is.  At this point in the story, three people know the location of the Republican sniper.  The enemy sniper, the old woman, and the soldier in the vehicle all know where he is hiding.  In order to safely exfiltrate himself from his location, the sniper needs to kill everybody that knows where he is.  The sniper successfully shoots and kills the old woman and the soldier on the street.  Unfortunately, taking those shots exposed him to the enemy sniper, and the protagonist is wounded.  The wound prevents him from being able to effectively hold his rifle.  In order to survive, the protagonist comes up with a plan that allows him to use his sidearm to kill the enemy sniper.   

W.P. Kinsella’s novel Shoeless Joe is more widely known in its film adaptation, Field of Dreams . This novel fits the magical realism genre because fantasy elements are presented in a realistic way. Magic meets the mundane setting of an Iowa farm. To briefly summarize the plot, baseball enthusiast Ray Kinsella hears a voice telling him to build a baseball field on his farm—the famous, “If you build it, he will come” invitation. Ray’s father’s hero, the scandalized late baseball player Shoeless Joe Jackson, magically appears to play on the field, along with other dead players. The novel explains neither the mysterious voice nor the fantastic appearance of the players, a common feature of magic realist literature. A subplot involves Ray seeking out the reclusive writer J.D. Salinger after the mysterious voice tells him, “Ease his pain.” Salinger too has received an elusive message from a possibly supernatural source: “Fulfill the dream.” The novel again asks readers to suspend their dis...

Ernest Hemingway's short story "In Another Country" was first published in the collection Men Without Women  and is about men recovering from wounds received in fighting on the Italian front during World War I. Above all, it appears that Hemingway was introducing a new style to fictional writing. His prose is written in a straightforward, journalistic approach, which led one critic to comment that Hemingway's writing was "language sheered to the bone" and Hemingway had carried the art of the reporter to the highest degree (see Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences by James R. Mellow). While critics seemed to detest Hemingway's characters and plots, they lauded his style. Joseph Wood Krutch called the stories in Men Without Women "sordid little catastrophes in the lives of very vulgar people." Most of the critics, however, agreed that Hemingway's style was new and innovative. Hemingway was also experimenting at this time with his "ic...

In a case such as this, it is likely that the evidence of the blood will be thrown out of court.  However, you can argue the issue of whether it should be. In general, the prosecution has to be able to prove every link in the chain of custody in order to have something accepted as evidence.  In the case of a blood sample, this would mean that the prosecution would have to prove who had the blood sample at every step in the process.  The drawing of the blood is the first step in that process. Therefore, if the prosecution cannot show who drew the blood, they have not proven each link in the chain of custody.  This means that the evidence will probably be thrown out. This leaves us with the question of whether the evidence should be thrown out.  This is more of a matter of opinion.  My own view is that the evidence should be thrown out if it casts real doubt on the validity of the sample.  Let us imagine a scenario in which Officer X can testify, saying that she saw another officer (whos...

Social capital is our network or web of relationships with others that is of benefit to us. These can be formal, such as membership in a club or informal, such as a group of friends.  This can be a very loose arrangement, such as a group of neighbors who are acquainted with one another, or a closer arrangement, a person's one or two best friends.  Benefits that accrue as a result of social capital are many and varied. When a distant relative told me her son was looking for a position as a teacher in St. Louis, I remembered that I had gone to law school with someone who had a successful practice there, and I checked with him and then passed on his name.  Networking, thus, relies on social capital to help one find work.  When my neighbors across the street went out of town, I offered to keep an eye on the house and take in the mail for them.  This social capital benefits both of us, giving me an opportunity to be helpful and them some peace of mind. When people are looking for funds ...

When there is a recessionary gap in an economy, that economy’s price level and its overall production both go down.  When an economy is in a recession, its real GDP is declining.  This clearly means that its production is declining.  When production declines, price levels decline as well because the aggregate demand curve is moving to the left along a given aggregate supply curve.  (Follow the link below for an interactive graph showing this and a more in-depth discussion of recessionary gaps.) Typically, when there is a recessionary gap governments try to lower taxes and/or increase government spending.  These are the classic Keynesian recommendations for fiscal policy in times of recession.  If the government takes either or both of these actions, there will be more money in the hands of consumers.  They will give less of their paychecks to the government and/or more people will get paychecks from the government through new government spending.  Either way, people have more money.  W...

In chapter 31, Scout walks Arthur Radley home after he saves Jem's and her life from Bob Ewell's attack. Because Arthur doesn't speak to her, Scout has time to think of the many times Dill stood watching the Radley house hoping to get a glimpse of the man. Now, here she is walking the mysterious man to his own house in the dark of night. The thoughts she has on the walk could be great material for a letter from Scout to Arthur Radley because they highlight the indirect experiences they have had together as neighbors. First, Scout thinks about how average neighbors bring food and flowers when someone has died or is sick. Scout reflects on what she has received from her neighbor, Arthur Radley as follows: "He gave us two soap dolls, a broken watch and chain, a pair of good-luck pennies, and our lives. But neighbors give in return. We never put back into the tree what we took out of it: we had given him nothing, and it made me sad" (278). Because of this passage, it ...

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the genetic material contained within the cells of all living things. It is the blueprint that organisms use to determine all traits and characteristics about the organism. Within the DNA are contained genes, or sections of DNA that code for different traits about an organism.  Storage: All genetic material is kept within the organism's DNA. In eukaryotic cells, the DNA is bundled into chromosomes and contained within the nucleus. This protects the DNA from being damaged which could lead to harmful side effects for the cell. Prokaryotic cells, on the other hand, normally have free DNA in their cytosol. Bacteria have evolved to use this to their advantage by learning how to exchange DNA and genes with other bacteria, speeding up their evolutionary cycle.  Expression: Most cells use proteins to carry out their jobs and functions. They are used for everything from building the cell, making more cells, or just sending chemical messages. The cell reads ...

I have provided ten words to describe Romeo, as well as justification for why I would describe Romeo that way. 1.     Sorrowful Many a morning hath he there been seen, With tears augmenting the fresh morning dew. Adding to clouds more clouds with his deep sighs (Act I, sc 1: 117-119) These words are spoken by Lord Montague, expressing his sentiments about his son's mood. Romeo feels this way because Rosaline has rejected him. 2.     Withdrawn ...But he, his own affections' counsellor, Is to himself--I will not say how true-- But to himself so secret and so close, (Act I, sc 1: 133-135) This was also spoken by Lord Montague. Romeo has isolated himself and does not wish to speak to anyone because Rosaline has rejected him. 3.     Confused Love is a smoke raised with the fume of sighs; Being purged, a fire sparkling in lovers' eyes; Being vex'd a sea nourish'd with lovers' tears: What is it else? a madness most discreet, A choking gall and a preserving sweet. (Act ...

The Iroquois nations refers to the political alliance created by the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca people, which was likely developed in the mid-15th century. Each nation elected a council to govern internal affairs and sent one delegate to a union that governed affairs relevant to each nation in the alliance. In the 18th century, Iroquois nation leader Canasatego urged the U.S. government to develop a similar union system so that the colonies did not consist of 13 separate autonomous governments. The colonies did later develop a federal system, but they did not exactly imitate the structure of the Iroquois nations. There were some cultural differences that the U.S. Constitution did not imitate; for example, Iroquois society structured inheritance from the maternal line and only allowed women the power of impeachment. Choosing government leaders was the responsibility of clan mothers in the Iroquois nations. Additionally, the U.S. Constitution did not allow for elections...

Robinson Crusoe , published in 1719, is an early example of the genre of novel.  It was composed to mimic the first-person account of a shipwreck adventure, with the words "written by himself" on the title page, so many early readers took it to be a factual account of a shipwrecked sailor's adventures alone (and later with a native companion he called Friday) on a deserted island.  Although based on a true story, the work was the imaginative construct of author Daniel Defoe: there was no actual Robison Crusoe and while trying to be factually realistic in its detail, the story, if inspired by other reading, largely sprang from Defoe's mind. Because of its effort at realistically showing how a person would survive on an deserted island (no magic saves Crusoe) and the depiction of a psychologically realistic protagonist, the book is considered a novel rather than a romance. 

Firstly, the emperor of Lilliput is cautious.  Although Gulliver signals that he desires his liberty when he is awakens to find himself bound on the beach, the emperor will not consent to give him his freedom; it appears that the protection of his people is his top priority.  Further, he orders the local doctors to give Gulliver a sleeping potion that knocks him out for about eight hours; during this time, he is moved to the city.  The emperor is prudent as well, as we learn that when he was first told about Gulliver's presence, he immediately ordered that Gulliver be bound, that plenty of food and drink be prepared for him, and that a machine be constructed by which they might transport him.  The emperor is also a champion of education and Gulliver imparts the Lilliputians' great skill in mathematics to the priority placed on education by their ruler.  Based on only the first chapter of the text, the emperor appears to be both wise and fair.

Benjamin Franklin was a key figure in what is sometimes called "the American Enlightenment." Like his counterpart among the Founding Fathers, Thomas Jefferson, Franklin was urbane, transcontinental, and interested in the sciences and invention. Politically, he was a humanist, meaning that he believed that problems could be solved by rational thinking and that secularism was always preferable to theocracy, or a government ruled by a dominant church.  Franklin invented early swim fins, bifocals, and the Franklin stove -- an iron furnace that was safer and more efficient than other wood stoves. He authored  Poor Richard's Almanack , a farmer's guide that he published from 1732 to 1758 under the pseudonym, Richard Saunders. He also published his autobiography after his death, which revealed his early commitment to discipline as well as his work in printmaking.  Famously, in 1752, he flew a kite during a storm to prove that lightning was, in fact, a form of electricity. He...

In Elie Wiesel’s memoir, Night , on many occasions does Elie witness one of the other Jewish prisoners be executed by hanging. The first hanging is shortly after Allied forces bomb the Buna factory in Auschwitz. A week after the bombing Elie and thousands of other Jews return from labor to find gallows constructed in the appelplatz , the camp square where roll call occurs each day. With guards surrounding the group, a condemned man is brought forth. His crime is stealing during the air raid. “The thousands of people who died daily in Auschwitz and Birkenau,” Wiesel writes, “in the crematoria, no longer troubled me. But this boy, leaning against his gallows, upset me deeply.” For Elie, this type of death is new to him. He is not desensitized to it. Even so, he and the other prisoners watch as the young man is hung. Before going back to their block for the evening meal, they must march past his dead body. “I remember that on that evening,” Wiesel continues, “the soup tasted better than e...

During this conversation, Lord Capulet is actually chastising Tybalt for Tybalt's failure to obey him.  Tybalt has identified Romeo Montague, the son of Capulet's great enemy, in the crowd at their party, and he is enraged.  He wants to go after the young man and make him pay for what Tybalt sees as an insult to the Capulets' honor.  Lord Capulet yells at him, telling him that to make such a scene would ruin the party, endanger his guests, and compel them to leave.  Tybalt, however, feels that Romeo's presence is a sign of terrible disrespect to them.  Lord Capulet says to him, "You are a princox, go. / Be quiet, or—More light, more light!—For shame! / I’ll make you quiet" (1.5.85-87).  Thus, he calls Tybalt a punk, basically, and orders him to be quiet.  When he calls for more light, he is actually speaking to one of his servants; it helps to see that those four words are set off by dashes, and this is because they are sort of an interjection to someone else....

A chemical reaction involves a chemical change. This means that the composition of products would be different from those of the reactants. In comparison, a physical change does not involve any change in the chemical composition of a material (although a phase change may be there). There are a number of indicators that a chemical reaction has occurred. These include the following: Exchange of heat with the atmosphere: A chemical reaction may be endothermic or exothermic. If the reaction requires energy to take place, then it is termed as an endothermic reaction. If the reaction produces energy, it is known as an exothermic reaction. Thus, energy exchange typically takes place during a chemical reaction. Generation of gases: A number of chemical reactions involve the generation of gases. These may be observed as bubbles during the reaction. Precipitate formation: a number of chemical reactions may also result in the formation of precipitates.  Some of the other indicators of chemical re...

The Indian Independence Movement, which lasted from 1757 until independence from colonial rule was granted in 1947, began with resistance to the rule of the British East India Company. British company officials came into conflict with the Indian people due to their discriminatory employment practices and attempts to convert Hindus and Muslims to Christianity. A major example of cultural and religious conflict between the British and the Indians was the use of pork and cow fat in rifle cartridges used by Indian men in the British army, which was sacrilegious to both Hindus and Muslims. The indifference of the British to Indian cultural practices led to the Indian rebellion of 1857, a nationwide series of revolts which was later suppressed by the British army. In the 20th century, the development of Indian nationalism led to political calls for emancipation from foreign rule, and the entry of Gandhi as a political leader caused an increase in nonviolent protest against the British govern...

While visiting London as a young woman, just after graduating from college, Addams views the wretched poverty that afflicted many of the city's poor. She was filled with a sense of futility and restlessness, "misdirected energy," as she called it. She concluded, as she writes in Twenty Years at Hull House , that "the pursuit of cultivation would not in the end bring either solace or relief." By becoming cultivated and educated, many middle-class women of Addams's generation were, as she thought, losing touch with the problems of the world. Their education had achieved what their upbringing had begun: it sheltered them from the "suffering and helplessness" that afflicted many people during the so-called "Gilded Age." Addams came to believe that "intellectual effort" was futile "when disconnected from the ultimate test of the conduct it inspired." Hull House, and the settlement house movement in general, was, according t...

In the first chapter, Scout gives a detailed description of her family and the town of Maycomb, Alabama. Scout mentions that her father, Atticus, went to Montgomery to "read law." She says, " When my father was admitted to the bar, he returned to Maycomb and began his practice " (Lee 5). Scout goes on to comment that Atticus' first two clients were hanged in the Maycomb County jail after refusing to plead guilty to second-degree murder. She also mentions that Atticus' first experience in the courtroom was the beginning of his distaste for the practice of criminal law. Atticus' occupation as a lawyer is significant to the plot of the novel because he is faced with the difficult task of defending an innocent black man in front of a prejudiced jury. Atticus faces discrimination from his community members for defending Tom Robinson, but follows his conscience and valiantly defends Tom. Despite the fact that Atticus' arguments clearly depict Tom's i...

The rising action of a plot is the scenes where critical events enhance or deepen the conflict. That is to say, rising action intensifies the conflict for the protagonist and makes it more difficult to solve the main problem. In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein , it seems as though any time someone from Victor's family dies the plot thickens. Victor's must take responsibility for giving the creature life and then do something about it. The more Victor avoids this responsibility, the more people die.  The rising action begins when Victor actually creates the monster. Then he runs away from his creation and doesn't take any responsibility for its life. As a result, the creature is left to fend for itself and deal with his feelings of abandonment. While left alone for two years, the creature learns how to read and speak. The creature's heightened sense of intelligence and self is part of the rising action because it makes him more of a threat to Victor in the future. Then, ...

Sam and Willie regard ballroom dancing as important because it represents life perfected. When he is speaking about the perfection of the dance floor, Sam explains to Hally, "There's no collisions out there, Hally. Nobody trips or stumbles or bumps into anybody else." He goes on to say that being a finalist in a dance concert is like living in "a dream about a world in which accidents don't happen." At the beginning of the play, Sam lectures Willie about the importance of Willie's pretending to like Hilda, his dance partner, even if he doesn't feel romantic about her, to create the picture of perfect romance. In reality, Willie beats Hilda. To Sam and Willie, ballroom dancing represents the unattainable and easy way of getting along with others that they cannot have with Hally, for example. They want to glide along effortlessly in their relationship with Hally, who they have known for a long time, but Hally treats them with disrespect by spitting on ...

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Recall that infinite series converges to single finite value `S`   if the limit if the partial sum `S_n` as n approaches `oo` converges to `S` . We follow it in a formula: `lim_(n-gtoo) S_n=sum_(n=1)^oo a_n = S ` . To evaluate the `sum_(n=0)^oo 3/5^n` , we may express it in a form: `sum_(n=0)^oo 3/5^n =sum_(n=0)^oo 3* (1/5^n)`                `=sum_(n=0)^oo 3 *(1/5)^n`  This resembles form of geometric series with an index shift:` sum_(n=0)^oo a*r^n` . By comparing "`3 *(1/5)^n` " with  "`a*r^n ` ", we determine the corresponding values: `a = 3` and `r =1/5 ` or `0.2` .  The convergence test for the geometric series follows the conditions:  a) If `|r|lt1`  or `-1 ltrlt1 ` then the geometric series converges to `sum_(n=0)^oo a*r^n = a/(1-r)` .  b) If `|r|gt=1` then the geometric series diverges. The `r=1/5` or `0.2` from the given infinite series falls within the condition `|r|lt1` since `|1/5|lt1` or `|0.2|lt1` . Therefore, we may conclude that `sum_(n=0)^oo 3/5^n` i...

In literary terms, "mood" is the emotional atmosphere evoked by a piece. In this story, the house's repetition of the time draws our attention to a devastating, sad change. It also contributes to the feeling that the house -- while managing to keep its operations under control -- is disoriented and abandoned. Let's look more closely at the details. First, consider the context. The house is a mechanical servant to its human masters, but its masters are dead, killed in a nuclear holocaust. Thus, the time announcements underscore what is missing now -- the people who used to live by this schedule, and the wider civilization that made this schedule possible. You can observe this at various points in the story. Sometimes, the voice-clock doesn't just tell the time. It also urges its potential listeners to do something: "Eight-one, tick-tock, eight-one o'clock, off to school, off to work…" On other occasions, the voice-clock states only the time of day. Bu...

At the end of Fahrenheit 451 , Montag outwits the Mechanical Hound by doing the following: he runs to the river, strips down to nothing in the water and douses himself with whiskey, he changes into Faber's dirty clothes and shoes, and he lets the river carry him downstream. Because the chase is being broadcast by TV and radio, Montag can hear what is going on in the chase with his radio Seashell. As he floats down the river, though, he sees the Hound come to the edge of it. The lights from the helicopters almost find Montag, but he dives underwater and avoids capture. When Montag reaches the hobo camp later on, they show him that they have been following the chase on their portable TV. They explain to Montag that since he fooled the Mechanical Hound, the authorities had to keep going with the chase so as not to upset their viewing public. Not only that, but the government can't afford to show the public that a fireman—one of their own—escaped from the Mechanical Hound. A man na...

Very simply, Weick's sensemaking theory examines the cognitive processes that underlie the ways people make sense of ambiguous situations. Essentially, the theory asks, "how does somebody try to make sense of a situation?" .  According to Weick's original theory, sensemaking has 7 different properties:  1. Identity : People's understanding of who they are influences how they make sense of things 2. Retrospect : People tend to make sense of things after the fact; that is, they put the pieces together in a meaningful way after the event or situation has occurred.  3. Socialization : Somebody's life experience, including childhood experiences and social context, will determine how they make sense of situations.  4. Enaction : People will enact new situations through stories (narratives) and conversations with others (dialogue). Shared stories help people understand and organize their own experiences.  5. Ongoing nature : Sensemaking has an ongoing nature, becau...

The first set of values one finds in these epics are heroic ones. In heroic culture, aristocrats are expected to demonstrate physical prowess in individual combat. Displaying certain types of courage is more important than winning. For example, killing an enemy by shooting him in the back is dishonorable, while losing a sword fight while displaying steadfast bravery is honorable. The Homeric culture is one described as a "shame" rather than a "guilt" culture. In other words, reputation (Greek: kleos ) is enormously important. The acts of an individual bring shame or honor to the entire family. Thus Menelaus' insistence on retrieving Helen or Achilles' anger over the distribution of war prizes has as much to do with honor or saving face as actual desire for the women. Hospitality and the bonds of guest-friendship are extremely important. One can see this in the Iliad when Diomedes and Glaucus realize that they are linked by bonds of guest friendship and thus...

The protagonist in Ma Rainey's Black Bottom is Ma Rainey herself. The musicians wait around until Ma Rainey, an African-American singer who is regarded as the "mother of the blues," arrives at their studio in the South Side of Chicago in the 1920s. The musicians--Levee, Toledo, Slow Drag, and Cutler-- wait and discuss their frustrations dealing with a society that is filled with racial prejudice. The antagonist is Levee, a trumpet player, who places hope in the idea that his music will help him gain respect from the white world that controls the music industry. Ma Rainey, for her part, knows that her power only comes from her ability to make money for her white managers. As a result, she is demanding, requesting respect until her days making music are over. The dramatic conflict is that Levee wants the producers to make his record, but he is crushed when the white producer, Sturdyvant, refuses and when Ma Rainey fires him. When Toledo mistakenly steps on Levee's shoe...