Notes

Louse Erdrich’s novel Tracks, published in 1988, is the third in a tetralogy of novels that explores the interrelated lives of families who live in and around an Indian reservation in North Dakota. The narrative of Tracks is the earliest chronologically, delving into the back story of several characters from the other books. Erdrich has commented on the importance of titles in her work. In the book Conversations with Louise Erdrich and Michael Dorris , Erdrich says a book title is like a “magnet” drawing experiences, memories, and conversations to it until those pieces coalesce as a book. The book’s title may be drawn partly from themes surrounding the past. Like tracks or footprints left behind, the narratives of Nanapush and Pauline often look back at those “tracks” of the past. Tracks may also refer to the historical context of the novel. For example, Lulu’s mother wants to prevent her from marrying a Morrissey, a reference to the Morrissey/ Pillager land rights following the 1887 ...

Ben Price is Jimmy's equal. Jimmy is an expert at cracking safes; Ben Price, an expert at catching safecrackers. Ben shows his expertise in part of his dialogue: "Look at that combination knob—jerked out as easy as pulling up a radish in wet weather. He's got the only clamps that can do it. And look how clean those tumblers were punched out! Jimmy never has to drill but one hole." These were the days before the federal government took over most of the work of protecting banks. Ben Price likely works for one of the big private detective agencies which banks employed for protection. Ben is obviously a specialist in banks and knows a lot about Jimmy Valentine's methods and criminal exploits. He has already arrested Jimmy Valentine once and sent him to prison for four years for a bank job in Springfield. There on the floor was still Ben Price's collar-button that had been torn from that eminent detective's shirt-band when they had overpowered Jimmy to arrest h...

José is Eddie's high school friend who comes home to Fresno on leave from the Marines. In Chapter Four, he informs Eddie that he is soon to be shipped out to a "top secret" destination. He offers to take Eddie out for breakfast at a local Mexican restaurant called Cuca's. After finishing, they meet a black man selling onions. José agrees to buy three bags and after they go to the man's car to get the onions, Eddie sees Mr. Stiles's truck across the street. The truck had been stolen while in Eddie's possession a few days earlier. José heads off to look at the truck while Eddie goes back into the restaurant to phone Mr. Stiles. When he returns to the street, José is lying on the ground, a victim of a stabbing, presumably by the guys who stole the truck. José is taken to the hospital where he has stitches placed in his stomach and shoulder. The onions are symbolic of the misfortune and grief which pervades the novel. It is fitting that José should be purchasi...

Picking a song to match the mood, tone, or images in a particular section of a story is one interesting way to help that part of the story come alive for you, or to help yourself connect to it on a personal level. So, as we're thinking about how Ms. Maudie's house burns down in Chapter 8 of To Kill a Mockingbird , we're imagining how Scout feels. It's the middle of the night, it's very cold outside, and the chaos of the fire and all the men scrambling to put it out combine to give Scout a feeling of both terror and excitement. You can also imagine how Ms. Maudie feels--she actually says later that she hates her house and was glad when it burned down, so she can build one more to her liking. Remember, she's happier outside in her garden, anyway. Taking all that into consideration, we're looking for a song that expresses exhilaration and even joy as something is destroyed. Let me suggest Carrie Underwood's "Blown Away." It's an exciting son...

When Crooks and Lennie are talking to Candy about their dream of having land in Crooks’s room in the stable, Curley’s wife comes in.  We have already been introduced to her.  The men on the ranch avoid her because they think she is trouble.  They worry that she is a tease.  Her entrance seems to confirm this reputation. "Any you boys seen Curley?" They swung their heads toward the door. Looking in was Curley's wife. Her face was heavily made up. Her lips were slightly parted. She breathed strongly, as though she had been running. (Ch. 4)  Curley’s wife, Candy, and Crooks all have one thing in common—they are lonely.  They were getting along well until Curley’s wife came in.  She tells them that all men are scared, so she can get along with one man, but not a group.  Curley’s wife uses the advantage of her status to be rude to the other men. She is racist to Crooks.  He was opening up to the other men, disarmed by Lennie’s honesty and genuine nature, but she turned him int...

I also think that what Jonas could not articulate is that there is a risk of loss in love.  His life of emotional deprivation does not give him a vocabulary with which to express this idea, but the book makes clear that people are not really emotionally invested in one another in any way.  If Jonas were to die, his parents, parental units, really, would no doubt miss him, but there is nothing to suggest they would feel grief. They are on record as not loving him. Death is unknown in this community, since it is euthanasia that is tidied up, euphemized, and hidden from the people. If one's beloved grandparent were to die, it would be a painful loss, one of the risks of love.  Similarly, if people chose partners based on love, that love could be lost, another of its risks.   

The point of view in Maupassant's story "The Coward" is that of Viscount Gontran-Joseph de Signoles. In fact this man is by himself throughout most of the story after he challenges a total stranger whose name is Georges Lamil to a duel. Maupassant describes in detail what is going on in Signoles' mind while he is alone. This is presented not as stream of consciousness but as interior monologue. For example, Signoles examines the card he received in exchange for his at the restaurant where the incident began. He examined the grouped letters; they seemed to him mysterious, full of confused meaning. Georges Lamil? Who was this man? What did he do? Why had he looked at the woman in that way? Was it not revolting that a stranger, an unknown man, could thus disturb a man's life, without warning, just because he chose to fix his insolent eyes upon a woman? Signoles gradually loses his nerve as he thinks about the various aspects of the upcoming duel. Maupassant describes...

Speed is the ratio of distance traveled and the time it takes to complete the motion. In other words, speed = distance / time Velocity is the ratio of displacement and the time it takes to complete the motion. In other words, velocity = displacement / time When we compare the magnitudes of speed and velocity, we are actually comparing the distance traveled by a body to its displacement. Distance traveled is the measure of the path traveled by the body, while displacement is the difference between the initial and final positions (and is independent of the path taken by the body). The displacement of a body is always less than or equal to the distance traveled by it. This means that the velocity of a body can be either equal to or less than the speed of the body for a given motion. In other words, velocity `<=` speed and hence can never be more than the speed. Hope this helps.

Hamlet struggles in the play to express his individuality, or his sense of himself. He is in many ways an intellectual who is devoted to his studies, but he is forced, by dint of events beyond his control, to give up the life of a scholar that he has formerly led and to devote himself to avenging his father's death at the hands of Hamlet's uncle, Claudius. In his famous soliloquy that begins with "to be or not to be," Hamlet struggles with the question of how to live life. In living life, he has to give up a great deal of himself and his individuality and submit himself to the vicissitudes of fortune. In so doing, his individuality is often erased; however, the only other alternative is death, which is the ultimate destroyer of individuality. In Hamlet's quest to live an authentic life and express his individuality, he is often defeated. Jane Eyre is more successful at expressing her individuality, or her self-worth and her right to live the life she wants. She co...

The British had several strategies during the Revolutionary War. One strategy was to blockade our coast. The British used their navy to prevent supplies and materials from entering and leaving the colonies. The British hoped this would weaken the colonies and make it harder for the colonists to be successful in the Revolutionary War. The British also wanted to isolate the New England colonies from the rest of the colonies. The British planned to have three of their armies meet near Albany, New York. The British hoped to defeat the colonial army and cut off the New England colonies from the rest of the colonies. Unfortunately for the British, this plan didn’t work for many reasons. The British also wanted to move the fighting to the South after failing to isolate the New England colonies. The British knew there were more loyalists in the South. Thus, they would have more support. Plus, the British had to defend all of the colonial areas. Moving the fighting to the South was part of thei...

Every substance is comprised of molecules, atoms, and/or other subatomic particles of that substance. These particles are in constant motion, colliding with each other and perpetually moving. These particles each have their own unique velocity at which they are in motion. Therefore, each of these particles has its own unique kinetic energy of motion. The temperature of a substance is a way of measuring  the average kinetic energy of all the particles comprising that substance.  For example, water is made up of H2O molecules that are in constant motion. Each molecule is constantly moving, with its own velocity and kinetic energy. When this water is heated in a pot on a stove, the heat that is transferred as thermal energy from the stove to the pot and then to the water excites the water molecules in the water, increasing the average speed and therefore kinetic energy of the water molecules in the pot. As these particles increase their rate of collision with each other and the pot, they ...

Writing a personal history about yourself requires you to implement autobiographical writing. To cover your personal history, consider starting off with the basics: When and where were you born? Who was present to raise and influence you in your early years? In many cultures, ancestry is an integral element for an individual's place in society, so you may want to consider your genealogical background.  You may also choose to include significant events that have shaped the type of person you are. What is your earliest memory, and why do you think it stuck with you? Rather than events, you may go with the people of your life, including family and friends. Detailing your personal activities and achievements is another option for outlining your personal history.  To get started, try making a timeline, map, or web marking out different parts of your personal history. Then you can see what kinds of information you have to work with and how it all relates. Finally, you may want to check o...

The impact of using Jesse as the narrator is stunning. Through Jesse's narrative, Baldwin reveals how a warped consciousness is formed and maintained. At the beginning of the story, Jesse finds himself in an embarrassing position when he makes sexual advances towards Grace, his sleepy wife. At only forty-two, he knows that he is far from impotent; yet, he fails to maintain his arousal. Jesse surmises that his overwhelming need to get even has quenched his sexual desire. Jesse is a deputy sheriff, and he resents the fact that black Americans are registering to vote en masse. He relates how he manhandled and tasered Big Jim C, one of the African-American ringleaders responsible for the blockade in front of the courthouse. Jesse voices his distaste for the black demonstrators; their look and smell disgust him. His aesthetic critique is filled with racist undertones; to Jesse, the demonstrators are no more than animals and are unfit to coexist with their white neighbors. Jesse expresse...

A motif is a recurring theme, character type, message, trope, or idea. The major recurring theme is the government's flawed notion of equality. The handicaps limit very talented people and provide no encouragement for those with less talent. This notion of making everyone "equal" actually just keeps everyone at a low, albeit common, level of achievement. A major recurring device (motif) in this story is the sound transmitted to George's ear when his thoughts must be disrupted before he can have any cogent, complex experience of thinking. Early in the story, this occurs while he and Hazel are watching the ballet on television. Some of the ballerinas also get the noise in their ears. Evidently, they were attempting to think critically as well. The noise in George's ears occurs again and again. This repeating motif shows the extent to which his (and everyone else's) mind is controlled. When the ballerina reads the news bulletin that Harrison is a fugitive, George...

Whether or not it was "right" to tell this story with a young boy as the focus is really a matter of opinion, so I cannot answer that question for you. However, I do think that  The Boy in the Striped Pajamas ("Pyjamas" in the UK) makes an important point and does it very well. So much of history seems to belong solely to adults. Children are often left out of historical documents and accounts, and so are often left out of historical fiction as well. The truth is that there were children involved in the Holocaust, and entire families were shaken up by the events on all sides.  The protagonist, Bruno, is a powerful character because he is rather oblivious (as most children are) to what his parents do and what the strange place beyond his fence really is. He has just moved to a new home and naturally is in want of friendship, so when he meets Shmuel, he makes good effort to befriend him. Shmuel and Bruno are mirrors of each other, sharing the same birthday, but they ...

Indefinite integral follows the formula: `int f(x) dx = F(x)+C` where: `f(x)` as the integrand function `F(x) ` as the antiderivative of `f(x)` `C` as constant of integration.  The given integral problem: `int sqrt ((5-x)/(5+x))dx`resembles one of the formulas from the integration table. It follows the integration formula for rational function with roots as: `int sqrt(x/(a-x)) =-sqrt(x(a-x)) - a* arctan(sqrt(x(a-x))/(x-a))+C` For easier comparison, we may apply u-substitution by letting: `u =5-x ` rearrange into `x = 5-u` . The derivative of u will be `du = -1 dx` rearrange into `-du = dx` . Plug -in the value on the integral problem, we get: `int sqrt ((5-x)/(5+x)) dx =int sqrt (u/(5+(5-u)) )* (-du)`                        ` =int -sqrt (u/(5+5-u)) du`                        ` =int -sqrt (u/(10-u)) du` Apply the basic integration property: `int c*f(x) dx = c int f(x) dx` . `int -sqrt (u/(10-u)) du=(-1)int sqrt (u/(10-u)) du` By comparing "`a-x` " with "`10-u` ", we ...

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Indefinite integrals are written in the form of `int f(x) dx = F(x) +C`  where: `f(x)` as the integrand            `F(x)` as the anti-derivative function             `C`  as the arbitrary constant known as constant of integration For the given  integral problem `int sec^3(pix) dx` , we may evaluate this using u-substitution. Let: `u = pix` then `du = pi dx` or  `(du)/pi =dx` . The integral becomes: `int sec^3(pix) dx =int sec^3(u) * (du)/pi`  Apply the basic properties of integration: `int c*f(x) dx= c int f(x) dx` . `int sec^3(u) * (du)/pi =1/piint sec^3(u) du` Apply integration formula for secant function: `int sec^n(x) dx = (sec^(n-1)(x)sin(x))/(n-1) + (n-2)/(n-1) int sec^(n-2)(x) dx` We get: `1/piint sec^3(u) du =1/pi [(sec^(3-1)(u)sin(u))/(3-1) + (3-2)/(3-1) int sec^(3-2)(u) du]`         `=1/pi [(sec^2(u)sin(u))/(2) + (1)/(2) int sec^(1)(u) du]` For the integral of  `int sec^(1)(u) du` or  `int sec^(u) du` , we may apply `int sec(theta) d theta = ln(sec(theta)+tan(theta))+C` . The...

There are three main groups of reasons why one should not use these terms when describing indigenous religions. First, there is the problem that these terms are not particularly accurate or informative. Terms such as monotheistic, polytheistic, and animist give us some sense of what certain religions think about the nature of the divine, but terms such as "primitive" or "primal" really give almost no actual information other than a sense of the speaker's attitude towards the religions. Second, there is the problem of the connotations of those terms. "Primitive" has a negative implication, suggesting something crude, inferior, or undeveloped. "Primal" carries with it a sense of raw natural power but not intellectual sophistication. Both of these terms perpetuate negative stereotypes about indigenous peoples. Third, the supposedly "primitive" nature of indigenous peoples and their religions was used as an excuse by European settlers t...

Bradbury uses imagery  and  foreshadowing to create and maintain suspense in this short story. The story constantly brings us back, through the eyes of the increasingly anxious parents, to the ominous veldt that the children watch obsessively in the nursery. The veldt is described using unpleasant images that make the parents and, hence the reader, uneasy: it's very hot under a blazing sun, vultures circle, and lions prowl. At one point, the lions seem to lunge at the parents, causing them to run frightened from the nursery. At other points, the parents hear screams, as if the lions are eating humans. As time goes on, hints that the veldt is a threat to the parents magnify: the Hadleys find Mr. Hadley's chewed wallet, complete with saliva and bloodstains, on the nursery floor, as well as Mrs. Hadley's bloody scarf. All of these ominous happenings hint at or foreshadow that the lions will eat the Hadley parents. This raises our suspense: are the parents irrational or reason...

After Odysseus’ disappearance, men wreaked havoc on his estate due to his absence. They were interested in marrying Penelope, Odysseus’ wife and Telemachus’ mother. Penelope avoided their overtures and employed her wits to remain loyal to her lost husband. However, the men camped at Odysseus’ home and feasted on his livestock and drank his wine much to the displeasure of both mother and son. The goddess Athena visited Odysseus’ home disguised as a traveler and advised Telemachus to travel and visit Nestor of Pylos and Menelaus of Sparta. The aim of the visit was to find information about his father and to secure his father’s estate. Menelaus was important in the venture because he arrived last from Troy, placing him in the most suitable position to know the whereabouts of Odysseus. ... thence go on to Sparta and visit Menelaus, for he got home last of all the Achaeans ...

The conflict that drives Katniss to act changes as the story progresses.  I hesitate to try and name a  single conflict that is able to encompass all of her actions.   I think an ever present conflict for Katniss is an external conflict.  At times it is man vs. man, and at other times it is man vs. nature.  Her conflict is even man vs. society at other times.  All of those conflict types though are squarely focused on one thing though.  Katniss's survival.   When the book opens up, Katniss's conflict is with being able to obtain enough food for herself and her family.  It's a basic conflict against starvation and malnutrition.  In the arena, the conflict is still focused on her survival.  She still must obtain food and water for herself, but now she has to worry about other teenagers trying to kill her.  Keeping Peeta alive is a part of that conflict.  As the "game" progresses, the creators increase the difficulty by introducing additional dangers into the arena...

The buzz saw in Robert Frost's "Out--Out--" symbolizes the mindless power of machinery that, when out of the control of man, can destroy human life. Published in 1916 when Britain was already engaged in war, a situation that necessitated Robert Frost's return to the United States, this poem examines the duality of machinery; that is, the mixing of the danger and the productivity of machinery.  And the saw snarled and rattled, snarled and rattled, As it ran light, or had to bear a load. (ll.7-8) In these early lines of the poem, it is the personified saw that performs the work, rather than the boy--much as with the young soldiers who fire weapons against their enemy. In the next line, there is a somber quality to the purpose of the saw, and the sense of finality that will come-- "And nothing happened: day was all but done." But, just as in war, the machine can become such an extension of the man that it is as though the man is then the instrument rather than ...

In Chapter 6, "Getting Away with Racism," the author explains that during the 2008 Presidential campaign, a group of Republicans in California put out a newsletter with the statement that if Obama were elected, his image would appear on food stamps instead of on dollar bills (page 127). The cartoon included a fake $10 bill, and it was labeled "ten dollars Obama bucks" in each corner. In the middle of the bill, there was a picture of a grinning Obama imposed on the figure of a donkey. Over Obama appeared the words, "the United States food stamps," and there were pictures of a watermelon, ribs, a pitcher of Kool Aid, and a Kentucky Fried Chicken bucket. The person in the group who decided to publish the cartoon said that it could not be deemed as racist; however, there was clearly a connection between Obama, the nation's first Black President, and welfare, as well as a connection between a Black man and stereotypically Black foods, such as watermelon and...

The discovery of gold at Pike's Peak led to increased tensions between the Native Americans and the American people. The American settlers wanted to move to the land around Pike's Peak to mine the gold, but the Native Americans didn’t want the settlers to take their land. Native Americans and the settlers had different views on the use of land and land ownership. Native Americans believed the land belonged to everybody. There was no individual ownership of land. Also, Native Americans believed the land should be treated with respect, not used for profit. The settlers believed land should be privately owned. Settlers also believed it was acceptable to take minerals from the land to sell at a profit. The growing dispute over land ownership and land usage led to conflicts between the settlers and Native Americans. The settlers believed the Native Americans were holding back the progress of the United States. The Native Americans were trying to preserve their land and their way of ...

While the Cold War was often characterized as a period of confrontations and competitions between the United States and the Soviet Union, there were times when both sides cooperated on various issues. In the 1970s, a policy of détente, or a relaxation of tensions, was followed by both countries. To some degree, the growing friendship between the United States and Communist China helped promote better relations with the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union was concerned we would be more friendly with the Chinese Communists than we would be with them. There were a series of meetings involving our presidents in the 1970s with Soviet Premier Brezhnev. These meetings culminated in agreements to reduce the amount of nuclear weapons each country possessed. There were two agreements to reduce the number of strategic weapons both countries possessed. These agreements were called SALT I and SALT II. However, the Senate never ratified the SALT II agreement. In the 1980s, President Reagan became very fr...

These chapters focus on the events following the trial.  One of the impacts of the trial is that Bob Ewell blames Atticus for ruining his reputation.  Even though Mayella accused Tom Robinson of rape and he was convicted, Ewell hates Atticus for his role in parading the family’s dirty laundry in front of the whole city.  Bob Ewell confronts Atticus in town and spits in his face.  This shows the depth of Ewell’s bitterness, but it also demonstrates Atticus’s personality.  Atticus remained calm and made a joke about the whole thing, and never took Ewell seriously.  Mr. Ewell was a veteran of an obscure war; that plus Atticus’s peaceful reaction probably prompted him to inquire, “Too proud to fight, you nigger-lovin‘ bastard?” Miss Stephanie said Atticus said, “No, too old,” put his hands in his pockets and strolled on. (Ch. 23, p. 291)  This quote is important because it demonstrates that Atticus is not willing to stoop to Bob Ewell’s level.  He is also not afraid. All he said was that h...

The first thing you want to consider is whether you are writing a paper about the US bombing of Hiroshima or about Obama's decision to visit Hiroshima. These are really two distinct topics (the bomb, after all, was dropped before Obama was born).  Next, you need to consider the genre of your paper. An expository paper generally does not have a thesis, as it simply recounts information. An argumentative paper is the type of paper that has a thesis statement. The thesis is the point which the paper is arguing. A good thesis is a point where there are plausible arguments on both sides of the question. You could not argue about the date the bomb was dropped, for example, as there is a single correct answer (August 6, 1945).  Your idea of comparing and contrasting the Pope's speech to Obama's has good potential. You might argue the thesis that many of the differences between their speeches could be attributed to the difference in their positions, with one being the leader of a w...

In "Flowers for Algernon" by Daniel Keyes, Algernon is very important because Charlie follows in his footsteps. The intelligence experiments Dr. Nemur and Dr. Strauss are performing on Charlie were first used on Algernon. In scientific research, mice are often used to determine side-effects, benefits, and other information so that scientists have some idea about how the same research might work on humans (though it doesn't always work). This idea is used in the story. Algernon had the same operation that Charlie had. The scientists have observed Algernon becoming more and more intelligent over time. By the time Charlie is reaching his peak, Algernon is beginning to regress, and now that Charlie is so highly intelligent, he notices this. He watches Algernon become depressed and refuse to run the mazes. He watches Algernon as he loses interest in everything, and finally Charlie watches as Algernon dies. Charlie knows that his fate is tied up with Algernon's, so he begin...

One of the most interesting things about this poem is that the narrator never quite pinpoints the central meaning of the solitary reaper's song. First, the narrator imagines the song has whisked him off to distant, exotic lands. Shortly after this optimistic daydream, however, the speaker wonders whether the singer is harkening back to some kind of melancholy sadness. While the narrator never definitively resolves what the song "means," he does deduce there is a sense of endlessness, an inherent, eternal beauty that pervades the song's subject. As such, the narrator's deductions about the song's subject lead to one of the poem's most important themes—even the most common, average things (such as a solitary reaper singing in a field) have the ability to illustrate an important, eternal beauty that lies just beyond the grasp of human comprehension but is nonetheless of vital importance. By the end of the poem, it is this beautiful endlessness that becomes th...

To evaluate the equation `ln(x+19)=ln(7x-8)` , we apply natural logarithm property: `e^(ln(x))=x` . Raise both sides by base of `e` . `e^(ln(x+19))=e^(ln(7x-8))` `x+19=7x-8` Subtract `7x` from both sides of the equation. `x+19-7x=7x-8-7x` `-6x+19=-8` Subtract 19 from both sides of the equation. `-6x+19-19=-8-19` `-6x=-27` Divide both sides by `-6` . `(-6x)/(-6)=(-27)/(-6)` `x=9/2` Checking: Plug-in `x=9/2` on `ln(x+19)=ln(7x-8)` . `ln(9/2+19)=?ln(7*9/2-8)` `ln(9/2+38/2)=?ln(63/2-16/2)` `ln(47/2)=ln(47/2) `       TRUE Thus, the `x=9/2` is the  real exact solution  of the equation `ln(x+19)=ln(7x-8)` .  There is no extraneous solution .

Robert Browning's poem “The Last Ride Together” is the monologue of a dejected lover as he contemplates the end of a relationship. The title of the poem comes from the setting in which the poem takes place—on a final ride that the speaker and his ex-lover share. Stanzas six, seven, and eight (lines 56-88) strongly develop the character of the speaker and reveal the speaker's attitudes about the end of his relationship. These three stanzas are explained below.  Stanza VI What hand and brain went ever pair’d? What heart alike conceived and dared? What act proved all its thought had been? What will but felt the fleshly screen?   We ride and I see her bosom heave.         There’s many a crown for who can reach. Ten lines, a statesman’s life in each! The flag stuck on a heap of bones, A soldier’s doing! what atones? They scratch his name on the Abbey-stones.         My riding is better, by their leave. In the sixth stanza, the speaker becomes philosophical about the end of his relat...

Well, this is an interesting question, especially stopping there. Start by being very clear: the poet does not say much directly about the person being addressed. It is all implied or communicated through the speaker discussing herself. Start with the first line—"Remember me when I am gone away." The person addressed is close enough to the speaker that she can ask him or her to remember after departure. The person addressed is also going to stay when the speaker leaves. Go to the second line: "Gone far way into the silent land." The speaker is dying, or planning for death, and by implication, the person addressed is not. The person being addressed is either not ill or not old. The third line reads, "When you can no more hold me by the hand." You would only say this to someone who took you by the hand, and repeatedly. These people are close. They might be lovers; they certainly love one another. The final line "Nor I half turn to go yet turning stay...

One of the more admirable qualities of Atticus Finch is his ability to consider the perspectives of others. He is also quite conscientious and considerate. He thinks of how each person thinks about the world and how his own interactions with that person might affect others. In short, he has a keen and compassionate understanding of each individual in Maycomb and how his own actions contribute to the social dynamics (interactions) among the other citizens. Therefore, Atticus is thoughtful and careful about what he says and does.  Here is an example. At the beginning of Chapter 23, we learn that Bob Ewell has spit in Atticus' face. The trial is over and Atticus lost, but Bob was embarrassed in the courtroom and he continues to hold a grudge against Atticus. Bob spits in his face but Atticus does not retaliate. When Jem asks him why, Atticus tells him that he felt it was necessary to allow Bob to take his anger out on him:  Jem, see if you can stand in Bob Ewell’s shoes a minute. I de...

Lenin wrote Imperialism, The Highest Stage of Capitalism , in 1916. In his book, he noted five aspects of later stages of capitalism: the development of capitalism has led to monopolies banks and cartels have merged to form "finance capital" to export capital to developing countries exporting capital has become of vital importance (rather than exporting goods, as in the older form of capitalism) international monopolies have developed the world is divided among great capitalist powers. During this phase of capitalism, capitalist countries try to exploit developing countries, which results in political and social conflict. It also leads to wars, such as World War I. He refers to this war as "imperialistic" and believes it was caused by imperialism. In addition, business leaders accumulate such great profits from this exploitation that they have the power to defeat labor revolts in their home countries. Lenin believes that this phase of capitalism will lead to depress...

The mountainous landscape of Greece was a very important factor in the evolution of the polis.   Much of Greece is steeped with impassable mountains that make travel difficult. Consequently, the people of Greece developed politically independent of one another. Regionalism set in and the Greeks developed dozens of city-states that were autonomous. These city-states developed political systems that were remarkably different. The development of independent states led to cooperation and trade between the various city-states. It also led to rivalry and warfare at times. The mountains also created another difficulty: finding arable land for food production. To remedy this, the Greeks established colonies throughout the Mediterranean Sea, particularly along the coasts. This created even further political diversity as the Greeks came in contact with foreign peoples that influenced all parts of their culture, including government.

Propolis is obtained from honey bee hives and is the glue that seals the hive openings and protects them from invaders. Propolis is commonly extracted using ethanol (or ethyl alcohol) and this extract is known to have various useful properties, such as anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, etc. The water extract of propolis is relatively lesser studied and has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. The detailed method of preparation of propolis water extract can be read from the attached links. In brief, propolis (obtained directly from the bee hive) is grounded, mixed with ethanol, macerated and filtered through filter paper. The solution is concentrated through evaporation of ethanol and the solid fraction is again mixed with ethanol and hydrolyzed. The solid fraction is washed a number of times and centrifuged resulting in propolis water extract as the supernatant. Hope this helps. 

`int1/sqrt(x^2-4)dx` Let's apply integral substitution:`x=2sec(u)` `=>dx=2sec(u)tan(u)du` `=int1/sqrt((2sec(u))^2-4)2sec(u)tan(u)du` `=int(2sec(u)tan(u))/sqrt(4sec^2(u)-4)du` `=int(2secutan(u))/(sqrt(4)sqrt(sec^2(u)-1))du` Now use the trigonometric identity: `tan^2(x)=sec^2(x)-1` `=int(2sec(u)tan(u))/(2sqrt(tan^2(u)))du` `=intsec(u)du` Now use the standard integral:`intsec(x)dx=ln|sec(x)+tan(x)|` `=ln|sec(u)+tan(u)|` ----------(1) Now from the substitution: `sec(u)=x/2`  and, `tan^2(u)=sec^2(u)-1` `tan^2(u)=(x/2)^2-1` `tan^2(u)=(x^2-4)/4` `tan(u)=sqrt(x^2-4)/2` Substitute back the above in the result  (1) `=ln|x/2+sqrt(x^2-4)/2|` `=ln|(x+sqrt(x^2-4))/2|` `=ln|x+sqrt(x^2-4)|-ln(2)` Since `ln(2)`  is constant, so we can omit it and add a new constant C to the solution, `=ln|x+sqrt(x^2-4)|+C`

One of the most dehumanizing forms of technology in Fahrenheit 451 is the television system. As people have to follow a script, they are cut off from actual human interaction. Mildred, Montag's wife, is consumed by the stories on the wall-to-wall circuit. She begs Montag to install a fourth wall so she can be surrounded by the television personalities she thinks of as her real family (page 20). In addition, Mildred is constantly listening to music in what are described as "thimble radios" (page 12) with her "eyes fixed to the ceiling by invisible threads of steel, immovable" (page 12). When she takes an overdose of sleeping pills, her stomach is pumped out by another dehumanizing form of technology, a machine that is described as as "black cobra" (page 14) with an "Eye" that sees into the soul of the person it is cleaning out. In addition, the Hound is a form of dehumanizing technology. Rather than representing man's best friend, as real...

The Texas State Board of Education has made several controversial changes to textbooks used by schools in the state. In 2014, the state board was about to approve several social studies textbooks to be recommended to districts in the state; however, right-wing groups raised objections that resulted in all the textbooks being rejected. In the aftermath of a public hearing about the textbooks, the textbook publishers had to make last-minute changes so that the textbooks were palatable to these conservative groups. When the state board approved the textbooks, the members of the board had not seen the changes at all. The problems with the textbook approval process in the state go back to 2010, when the state board passed several laws governing social studies and history textbooks used by schools in the state. These laws require the textbooks to include the role of the Bible in creating the United States, remove any mention of hip hop culture, and contain information that supports the idea ...

The fragmenting of familial loyalties after the Cultural Revolution is a major theme in Wang Anyi's story. Anyi develops this theme by first highlighting Chen Xin's initial feelings upon his return to Shanghai. In the story, Chen Xin is conflicted about his return because modern Shanghai continues to intimidate him; he finds Shanghai's "superiority and conceit intolerable." The Cultural Revolution obliterated millions of lives from China's major cities. The Red Guards terrorized entire populations into submission, claiming that their sole purpose was to erase bourgeoisie influence from the immediate culture. In this light, Chen Xin's sentiments upon his return to Shanghai are noteworthy. Despite his discomfort, Chen Xin believes that his family will be a stabilizing force in his new life. However, his hopes are dashed when he finds himself embroiled in a delicate family conflict. Anyi continues to develop her theme by delineating the shift in familial alle...

An essay on the relationship between existentialism and modern literature might focus on both the larger existentialist themes that appear throughout modern works and specific character studies. The existential crisis presents itself throughout modern literature, and it typically involves a moment of realization in which the main character is confronted with the lack of inherent meaning in life. Existentialism in Modern Literature Existentialism is alive and well in modern literature. Fight Club by author Chuck Palahniuk is a great example of existentialism presented through the lens of modern literature. The main character is a young man struggling with mental health issues who exhibits many of the classic ideas of existentialist thought. He rebels against society and its postmodern sensibilities, refusing to accept a world in which everything, including personal identity, is a commodity. The unnamed narrator goes through an existential crisis in which he questions whether his own li...

Clouds are formed as water vapor is evaporated into the air and rises into the atmosphere. The higher it goes the colder and denser the water becomes until it condenses into a cloud. The integral ingredient for cloud formation then is water vapor. Between the two planets, Earth is much more likely to produce clouds than Mars. This is due to the fact that Mars has an atmosphere that is less than 1% of Earth's total amount. Where the Earth has a dense atmosphere full of water and other components used to make clouds Mars has extremely little. The only regular cloud cover Mars has is found in the equatorial region where what little water is on the planet congregates. This area is the only location on the planet that has the needed materials to create any kind of a cloud on the planet.  

One way to help make sense of this play is to look at the resources located on this site. If you are struggling (as many students do) with Shakespeare's use of language, you'll find an annotated version here, and if the problem is understanding the plot, there are an abundance of summaries, critical essays, thematic analyses, and other reading and study aids right here.  Beyond that, one thing I can suggest to help you understand the plot of the play is to focus on the way that the most important characters--Macbeth and his wife--are transformed throughout the play, and the events that cause the changes in their lives. Macbeth, as you'll remember, is a respected Scottish noble at the beginning of the play, but as soon as he encounters the witches and hears their prophecy, he is consumed by ambition, and he is willing to listen to them, and his wife, because they continuously push him (in very different ways) to carry out the bloody deeds that get him in power. By the end of...

First, you should note that Garry Wills is not actually the author of this book. Saint Augustine wrote his Confessions in Latin between 397 and 400 AD. Garry Wills is one of several writers who have translated this work into English; thus he is not the author, but the translator. The work was intended as a spiritual autobiography showing how Augustine progressed from a pagan childhood to a Christian adulthood. Augustine was born to a moderately wealthy pagan father and a Christian mother, Monica. His account of his childhood, especially the episode of stealing the pears, is intended to show the universality of original sin. His baptism on his mother's insistence lay the groundwork for his later conversion. As a young boy and teenager, he received a typical education in the seven liberal arts, including a foundation of grammar, dialectic, and what we now would term general humanistic studies. He disliked studying Greek grammar and was lazy in his Greek studies, resulting in frequen...

Atticus’s teachings to his children support the theme that everyone deserves equal treatment, regardless of race. Atticus’s view of race is quite different from the rest of Maycomb.  He treats Calpurnia with respect, even though she is his employee.  He lets her raise his children, and makes sure they are obedient to her.  Race has nothing to do with it.  When Atticus defends Tom Robinson, he is sending a message to his children.  It is the same message Lee is trying to impart to the reader.  Everyone deserves a chance, regardless of race, and it is our responsibility to make change.  Change does not come from society suddenly coming to its senses.  It comes from each person’s decisions.  To his children, Atticus defends his representation of Tom Robinson, despite the fact that it is unpopular.  He also does not allow his children to use racist language.  “Do you defend niggers, Atticus?” I asked him that evening. “Of course I do. Don’t say nigger, Scout. That’s common.” “‘s what every...

Pederasty was a particular form of erotic association among aristocrats, occurring between an older man, called an  erômenos (lover) and a youth just on the cusp of puberty called an erastês (beloved). Although the relationship was defined as erotic, in the sense of having some aspects of sexual attraction, and often being based on the physical attractiveness of the youth, the only social acceptable sexual act was intercrural or interfemoral (the erômenos  inserting his phallus between the thighs of the  erastês); actual anal penetration was reserved for interactions with prostitutes, something not considered a form of pederasty.  This practice was as much a result of extreme gender role distinctions and segregation as a cause. Because men would have limited access to female companionship, their erotic impulses tended to focus on other men. This was exacerbated by Greek marriage customs, in which men tended to marry in their thirties, when they were economically established, to girls...

The article proposes that proportionality reviews are crucial in efforts to correctly interpret the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause. Additionally, proportionality highlights a retributive rather than a restorative concept of justice. Thus, to quantify excessiveness, one would need to consult prevailing moral standards rather than popular, shifting definitions of cruelty. This article proposes that new approaches to proportionality would allow the Supreme Court to nullify death penalty verdicts for non-homicidal cases and to restrict life-without-parole sentences for juvenile offenders. The article states that a proportionality review is critical because the Supreme Court has failed to furnish a rational definition of proportionality and to employ concrete solutions that ensure proportionality. In the past, the Supreme Court often rejected death penalties or life sentences even when there was no clear societal consensus against them. In these instances, the Court relied on a fictio...

The readers learns some key details about Peyton Farquhar in part one.  Unfortunately, you don't learn his name until part two.  I'll still refer to him by name though.   You learn that Peyton is from northern Alabama, and you learn that he is about to be hanged.  A reader also learns that Peyton is not a soldier, because the text specifically mentions that he is a civilian.  His age is not given, but we are told that he is around thirty-five years old.  The description that is given of his face indicates that he is a fairly good looking man.   His features were good—a straight nose, firm mouth, broad forehead, from which his long, dark hair was combed straight back, falling behind his ears to the collar of his well fitting frock coat. That same paragraph tells the reader that Peyton is probably a "planter."  Based on his well fitting coat, and the setting of northern Alabama, it's a good guess to say that he is a southern plantation owner.  That would make him a ...

Easy Rawlins, the protagonist of Walter Mosley's mystery series, defines freedom in part as the opportunity to do what he wants in a post-war world in which African-Americans do not have the same opportunities as whites. When his novel  Devil in a Blue Dress , opens, it is 1948 Los Angeles. As Easy says, "I had spent five years with white men, and women, from Africa to Italy, through Paris, and into the Fatherland itself" (page 9). Despite serving his country in World War II and seeing a great deal of action, he is unemployed, having been let go from his job at Champion Aircraft because of racism. He is also trying to earn his college degree at night school. In Mosley's novel Little Scarlet , Watts, a section of Los Angeles, has just been destroyed by rioting in 1965. As Easy sees National Guardsmen gathering in the neighborhood, his "hands clenched into fists so tight that my right forearm went into a spasm" (page 4). In this scene, he is devastated by the ...

`int1/(2-3sin(theta))d theta`  Apply integral substitution:`u=tan(theta/2)` `=>du=1/2sec^2(theta/2)d theta` Use the trigonometric identity:`sec^2(x)=1+tan^2(x)` `sec^2(theta/2)=1+tan^2(theta/2)` `sec^2(theta/2)=1+u^2` `du=1/2(1+u^2)d theta` `d theta=2/(1+u^2)du` From integral substitution:`u=tan(theta/2)` `=>sin(theta/2)=u/sqrt(u^2+1)` `cos(theta/2)=1/sqrt(u^2+1)` `sin(theta)=2sin(theta/2)cos(theta/2)` `sin(theta)=2(u/sqrt(u^2+1))(1/sqrt(u^2+1))` `sin(theta)=(2u)/(u^2+1)` Now the integrand can be written as : `int1/(2-3sin(theta))d theta=int1/(2-3((2u)/(u^2+1)))(2/(1+u^2))du` `=int1/((2(u^2+1)-3(2u))/(u^2+1))(2/(1+u^2))du` `=int2/(2u^2+2-6u)du` `=int2/(2(u^2-3u+1))du` `=int1/(u^2-3u+1)du` Complete the square of the denominator, `=int1/((u-3/2)^2-5/4)du` Again apply integral substitution:`v=u-3/2` `=>dv=1du` `=int1/(v^2-(sqrt(5)/2)^2)dv` `=int1/(-1((sqrt(5)/2)^2-v^2))dv` Take the constant out, `=-1int1/((sqrt(5)/2)^2-v^2)dv` Now use the standard table integral:`int1/(a^2-x^2)dx...

In “Butcher Shop”, Charles Simic creates a tone through imagery that’s spare, realistic, contemplative and violent. It’s important to note that throughout the poem very little actually happens – it’s rooted in observation. Only in the first two lines (“Sometimes walking late at night/I stop before a closed butcher shop”) and the last two lines (“Where I am fed,/Where deep in the night I hear a voice”) is there any kind of action, hence the contemplative aspect of the tone – he’s merely observing and thinking. The realism and sparseness are found in the mundanity of the objects he observes: the apron, the knives, the wooden block. Nothing really out of the ordinary here – it’s everything you’d expect to see in a butcher’s shop and nothing more. What those objects evoke in him, though, causes the poem to take a dark turn. The last line of the first stanza – “Like the light in which the convict digs his tunnel” – calls to mind images of capture, imprisonment and the hope of escape. The re...

According to the author, the three types of racism are hate, structural racism, and implicit bias. The racism-as-hate model is overt and easily identifiable; it emphasizes "discrete acts of bigotry by malicious individuals." Modern examples of this model include the obnoxious neo-Nazi skinheads who preach a white supremacist message. In America, this overt form of racism has been relegated by many to the dustbin of historical aberration. After all, the Ku Klux Klan no longer presents a dominant force in mainstream society; Klan members do not stand at street corners and harass black students whose only crime is to go to school. So, this "malice conception of racism" is used by those who prefer not to confront the covert forms of racism that still exist today. Structural racism is another type of racism; it is also known as institutional racism. This type of racism confronts racism on a structural rather than on an individual level. It shows how "past mistreatme...

To explain—but never excuse—Shakespeare, it's important to understand that anti-semitism was common in Europe from well before his time up through the early part of the 20th century. That said, the most famous portrayal of anti-semitism in Shakespeare is the money-lender Shylock in The Merchant of Venice.  Antonio, a protagonist, illustrates Renaissance anti-semitism when he spits on Shylock. Further, Shakespeare portrays Shylock as money-hungry and unforgiving, once common stereotypes of the Jewish people. Shylock famously demands a pound of flesh in repayment of a loan, insisting on it even after he is offered a repayment amount of twice the loan. Shakespeare depicts this lack of mercy as Jewish (in those day cutting a pound of flesh could easily have been a death sentence, given the state of medicine). This stubbornness on Shylock's part leads to another famous line from the play: "the quality of mercy is not strained," with mercy depicted as a quality associated w...

Photosynthesis is important, in fact essential, to all life for a number of reasons. First, it makes it possible for plants to survive. Since almost the entire food chain depends on plant matter either directly or indirectly, life as we know it would come to an end without photosynthesis--with very few exceptions, both herbivores (animals that consume plants) and carnivores (animals that consume other animals) would starve. Only very simple life forms could live. Photosynthesis is important for another reason. It is a chemical reaction that uses carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, water, and light to create sugars that nourish plants. But it also produces oxygen, which is essential to almost all life. Because of photosynthesis, plants essentially function as filters that take carbon dioxide, which is poisonous to humans and many other life forms, from the atmosphere and replace it with oxygen, which makes life possible. 

In physics, work occurs when a force is applied to an object which then moves (has displacement) in the same direction as the force.  The amount of work that is done in the situation in your question is 240 J where “J” stands for joules.  We find this value by using the equation W = Fd where W is work, F is force, and d is displacement. In your question, only the force applied to the object and the distance it moves (is displaced) are important.  The weight/mass of the object is irrelevant and is probably included to test whether you understand that it is not used in calculating work in this case.  To illustrate, let us look at a very similar example problem from the physics curriculum that I am teaching from this semester: In this problem, a woman lifted a 40 kg bag to a height of 0.8 m. To do this, she used a force of 500 N. The question asked how much work she did in lifting the bag.  The correct answer was: W = Fd = (500 N)(0.8 m) = 400 J In your question, the equation would look ...

Throughout the novel, Jem matures and develops his perspective on life by listening to Atticus' lessons and witnessing prejudice firsthand. Atticus teaches Jem the importance of tolerance, courage, and standing up for innocent beings throughout the story. Jem learns about "real courage" from his experience with Mrs. Dubose, and Atticus teaches him about mob mentality. Jem also watches his father defend Tom Robinson in front of a prejudiced jury. After Jem witnesses Tom become a victim of racial injustice, he becomes jaded about the community of Maycomb. Jem loses his innocence and realizes that his kind neighbors are actually racists. He also becomes more sympathetic to the needs of innocent beings and displays his empathy by stopping Scout from squashing a rolly-polly bug. Jem's experiences and moral upbringing allow him to develop into a conscientious, brave, and tolerant person. Jem's perception of the world has allowed him to become a morally upright individua...