Notes

In this poem, Derek Walcott wrestles with his biracial heritage. In the first stanza of the poem, he refers to the violent Mau Mau uprising, in which Kikuyu people in Kenya revolted against the British from about 1952-1960. He refers to their violence, as they "Batten upon the bloodstreams of the veldt." In the second stanza, he represents the British as "the worm, colonel of carrion" who justify their policies of colonialism with "statistics." However, these policies result in a white child being killed in bed by "savages"--the word that the British might use to describe the natives in Kenya. In the third stanza, he compares the natural act of hunting for prey with the senseless killing conducted by humans. In the excerpt that begins "the gorilla wrestles" to the end of the poem, Walcott wrestles with his own heritage as a descendant of both whites and Africans. The "gorilla" perhaps stands for Africans, while the superman re...

In Chapter 31, Scout walks Boo Radley home and reminisces about all the times she's traveled the same road and played throughout the neighborhood. After Boo Radley enters his home, Scout stands on his stoop and looks out over the neighborhood with a new perspective. For the first time in her life, Scout views the neighborhood from Boo Radley's perspective. Scout thinks about what it must have been like to watch the community members from Boo Radley's window. She also imagines how Boo Radley watched her and Jem grow up around the neighborhood as the seasons changed. Scout then remembers what Atticus said about standing in a person's shoes in order to understand them. Simply standing on Boo Radley's porch was enough for Scout to understand him better as a person.

The nucleus of an atom is made up of two types of sub-atomic particles: protons and neutrons. These two particles are also known as nucleons, since they exist inside the nucleus. Of these two particles, protons are positively charged particles, while neutrons are negatively charged particles. Electrons are located outside the nucleus.  The total mass of an atom is roughly equal to the mass of its nucleus, that is, the mass of protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus. Electrons have a much smaller mass in comparison, so they do not substantially contribute to the atom's mass. The total number of nucleons in an atom are also called the mass number, while the atomic number is the total number of protons in an atom.  Hope this helps. 

Emily rarely lets anyone inside because she is reclusive and eccentric, but she has a definite reason to keep them out after she has a body in her house. Emily is not a social butterfly. She very rarely has anyone enter her house. When the town tried desperately to get her to pay her taxes, she refused and kept insisting that she paid no taxes because of her father. They were persistent, but so was she. Even when she let someone in, it was reluctantly, and he didn’t get far. A deputation waited upon her, knocked at the door through which no visitor had passed since she ceased giving chinapainting lessons eight or ten years earlier. They were admitted by the old Negro into a dim hall from which a stairway mounted into still more shadow. They leave without the taxes. She has “vanquished” them. Even when her father died, it took them several days to get her to give them the body. The day after his death all the ladies prepared to call at the house and offer condolence and aid, as is our c...

I am assuming that you’re referring to Chiang Kai Shek, who was the leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party.  Chiang Kai Shek never really turned on Mao because they were never on the same side - Chiang was a Nationalist and Mao was a Communist, and they led opposing forces during China's 1946 Civil War.  In 1925 Chiang expelled all Communists from the party and led a successful unification of China.  The Chinese Nationalist Government wanted to eliminate Communism in China.  After the Allies declared war on Japan in 1941 (World War 2), the Chinese Nationalist government joined forces with them to fight against Japan, an old enemy of China. But in 1946 civil war broke out in China between the Nationalist government and the Communists (led by Mao).  The Communists won the war and China became The People’s Republic of China. Chiang was placed in exile in Taiwan, where he continued to lead the Chinese Nationalist government.

Recall that indefinite integral follows the formula: `int f(x) dx = F(x) +C`  where: `f(x)` as the integrand            `F(x)` as the anti-derivative function             `C`  as the arbitrary constant known as constant of integration For the given problem `int 1/(x^2sqrt(x^2-4)) dx` , it resembles one of the formula from integration table.  We may apply the integral formula for rational function with roots as: `int 1/(u^2sqrt(u^2-a^2))du = 1/(a^2*u) sqrt(u^2-a^2)+C` . By comparing "`u^2-a^2` " with "`x^2-4` " , we determine the corresponding values as: `u^2=x^2`  then `u =x` `a^2 =4` Plug-in the values on the aforementioned integral formula for rational function with roots where  `a^2 =4` , we get: `int 1/(x^2sqrt(x^2-4)) dx=1/(4*x) sqrt(x^2-4)+C`                          ` =1/(4x) sqrt(x^2-4)+C`

The devil promises that potential communicants will learn how women, eager to become widows, give "[their] husband[s] a drink at bedtime."  In other words, these women poison their spouses in order to seize independence for themselves.  Moreover, communicants will learn of "beardless youths" who have killed their fathers so that they can inherit their wealth early.  Further, communicants will learn about "fair damsels" who have "dug little graves in the garden" and asked the devil himself to be the sole mourner at a baby's funeral.  In other words, these young women are supposed to be maidens, and so, if they have sex and become pregnant, they kill the babies in order to preserve their appearance of virginity and innocence. In addition, the communicants will come to understand that "the whole earth [is] one stain of guilt, one mighty blood spot."  This is so because everyone is guilty of sin; there is no one, not even the most piou...

In his 2000 election, George W. Bush toned down the racist messages and dog whistle politics that had long been used by Republicans. He had experience governing in Texas, a state with large numbers of whites, African-Americans, and Latinos, and as the author writes, "the advantages of using dog whistle racism seemed to be waning" (page 115). For example, Clinton, a Democrat, had used dog whistle politics to his advantage in the 1990s, and it was no longer just a Republican tactic. In addition, Bush's campaign strategist, Karl Rove, urged Bush to pursue a strategy of "compassionate conservatism" to win the votes of moderate voters as well as some Latino voters. In Bush's very close 2000 election against Gore, which was ultimately decided by conservative justices in the Supreme Court, 21% of nonwhites voted for Bush (page 115). At the outset of his administration, Bush supported overturning or revising policies that had been deemed racist, such as stop-and-fri...

The Columbian Exchange refers to the exchange of produce, animals, and biological processes between the Old World and the New after Columbus's expedition in 1492. One of the cons of the exchange was the diseases brought from Europe to the New World. These diseases, including smallpox, influenza, and measles, decimated Native American populations, as New World populations did not have immunity to them. It is estimated that the Taino, who lived on the island of Hispaniola, lost over 90% of their population as a result of suffering from European diseases. Later, the Aztecs were decimated by smallpox. These diseases were brought unwittingly by the Europeans and were not part of an intentional effort to destroy New World populations. However, Europeans also brought the practice of slavery with them, another con of the Columbian Exchange. Slaves were brought from Africa to the New World to work on growing crops such as cotton, tobacco, and sugar, instituting a brutal system that was to l...

There are a few different terms which may be used to describe the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood. First, one might use "respiration" to describe this exchange. Respiration as a process involves much more than just the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lung tissues, though. The beating of the heart, circulation of blood, and the expansion and deflation of lungs are all vital parts in maintaining respiration.  The term "diffusion" describes, very specifically, how the oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the alveoli. Diffusion works by maintaining a concentration gradient-- when blood that is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide passes through lung tissue that is rich in oxygen but low in carbon dioxide, and exchange is made inside the alveoli. Some people refer more generally to the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen quite simply as the "gas exchange."

The Radical Republicans in Congress felt that Andrew Johnson, a southerner, was too easy on the south during Reconstruction. The Republicans in Congress, such as Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner, wanted to radically reform the south to abolish the old planter class, while Johnson's plan for Reconstruction was more lenient. The Republicans watched as the Black Codes were instituted in states such as Mississippi; these laws prevented the free movement of former slaves and abridged some of their other civil rights. In response, the Republicans wanted to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1866, but Johnson vetoed it, saying that it infringed on states' rights. In addition, in 1866, Johnson vetoed the bill to renew chartering for the Freedmen's Bureau (founded in 1865), which had provided assistance to former slaves such as finding family members, education, and the promotion of fair labor contracts between former slaves and plantation owners. Johnson also dissuaded states from pas...

Pip meets the escaped convict very abruptly early in Chapter I. The location is near the sea south of London by perhaps twenty miles. Ours was the marsh country, down by the river, within, as the river wound, twenty miles of the sea. Pip is ten years old at the time. He is an orphan. He is visiting the graves of his father, mother, and five dead siblings in the churchyard. Dickens does not explain how such a large family all came to be deceased. He only mentions that the children's graves were ...five little stone lozenges, each about a foot and a half long, which were arranged in a neat row beside their grave, and were sacred to the memory of five little brothers of mine - who gave up trying to get a living, exceedingly early in that universal struggle... Pip is feeling sorry for himself. He might not have met the convict who was hiding among the grave stones in the cemetery if he hadn't started crying. Then the convict feels compelled to intervene. His unexpected materializat...

Recall that the  Divergence test follows the condition: If `lim_(n-gtoo)a_n!=0` then `sum a_n` diverges. For the given series `sum_(n=1)^oo n/sqrt(n^2+1)` , we have `a_n=n/sqrt(n^2+1)` To evaluate the `a_n=n/sqrt(n^2+1)` , we divide by `n ` with the highest exponent which is `n`  or `sqrt(n^2)` . Note: `n = sqrt(n^2)` . `a_n=(n/n)/(sqrt(n^2+1)/sqrt(n^2))`      `= 1 /sqrt((n^2+1)/n^2)`      `= 1/sqrt(n^2/n^2+1/n^2)`      `=1/sqrt(1+1/n^2)` Applying the divergence test, we determine the limit of the series as: `lim_(n-gtoo)a_n =lim_(n-gtoo)n/sqrt(n^2+1)`                  ` = lim_(n-gtoo)1/sqrt(1+1/n^2)`                 ` =[lim_(n-gtoo)1] /[lim_(n-gtoo)sqrt(1+1/n^2)]`                 ` = 1 / sqrt(1+ 1/oo)`                ` =1 / sqrt(1+0)`                ` =1 / sqrt(1)`                ` = 1/1`                ` =1` The `lim_(n-gtoo)n/sqrt(n^2+1)=1` satisfy the condition `lim_(n-gtoo)a_n!=0`. Therefore, the series `sum_(n=1)^oon/sqrt(n^2+1) ` is a divergent series. We can also verify with t...

The climax of The Wind of the Willows takes place after Toad escapes from prison and evicts the stoats and weasels that have taken over his house, Toad Hall. With the help of Badger, Mole, and Rat, Toad follows a secret tunnel into his house and attacks the intruders, who flee. At the celebration that Toad gives afterward, he humbly thanks his friends and is finally aware of the value of their friendship. This marks the climax of the action because the book has been filled up until this point with ongoing action, including Toad's constant road accidents and his failure to heed his friends. After Toad and his friends retake Toad Hall, Toad recognizes what is truly valuable--his friends--and decides to live peacefully and responsibly ever after. The action falls after Toad retakes his house and settles down to a quiet and happy life with his friends.

Unfortunately, the scientific community isn't totally in agreement as to why humans need sleep. Our best guess is that sleep offers the body a chance to restore and rejuvenate as well as process memory.  Restful sleep allows the body to focus on just the basic and vital functions of breathing, pumping blood, and repairing or generating new cells and tissues. When we're awake throughout the day, we are spending our bodily energies on other activities like walking, working, and thinking. Sleep is a break for both body and mind, allowing our energy to be directed towards maintaining a healthy body. Neurologists also feel sleep is a time for our brains to process all of the short-term memories acquired during the day, "sort" through them, and decide what should be processed into long-term memory. This is a possible reason behind why dreams often contain some of the things we've done or thought about or people we've seen during the day. It's very important to g...

Corporal punishment in the U.S. is still legal in 19 states (as of 2014; it was banned in 2009 in Ohio and New Mexico in 2011), though that does not mean that the practice is widely employed in the states that allow it. A state like Texas employs corporal punishment more frequently than others. Most of the states that allow the practice are located in the South, with states like Idaho, Wyoming, Indiana, Arizona and others on the list as well. Corporal punishment allows teachers and principals to hit students, often repeatedly, and often without the consent of parents. The punishment is often used as an alternative to detention, though corporal punishment can be used in addition to detention. There is great controversy surrounding the practice of corporal punishment, with many behavioral professionals and those in the field of human psychology insisting that any physical punishment, whether in the home or at school, teaches the child that violence is an acceptable form of human interact...

The fact that Victor Frankenstein has created a seven-foot tall creature out of dead body parts, a creature that is quite willing -- eventually -- to kill and frame others if it suits his purposes, is meant to be scary. Further, he has superhuman speed and superhuman strength, and there is really no way to escape him if he sets his mind to catching you. Imagine such a creature setting foot inside your home or your classroom; it would be pretty horrifying!   Also, Victor's loss of humanity as he works on his experiment is meant to be pretty scary as well. He goes into morgues and tombs, looking for fresh body parts. He says, "often did my human nature turn with loathing from my occupation [...]."  The work he was doing was so awful and disgusting that he actually had to shut off his natural human tendencies in order to proceed.  Anyone who can so turn off his humanity, who is willing to meddle in affairs of life and death with "profane fingers," is pretty frighte...

One way to create an argumentative thesis might be to take the quote "with all the fury of the child he had never been" and put it under the microscope to test the popular take on this novel that suggests the story is about the lawlessness and wanton vandalism of the young people of the time. A student could challenge that interpretation to spotlight the profound mental damage and mental health issues that can result from mistreatment in childhood. The thesis could make an argument about why outcomes are usually grim for these young people unless they meet affection and positive influence from others such as care professionals, foster parents, or nurturing children's home staff. Even then, their dark fears and anxieties are still way down deep below the surface waiting to sabotage their efforts to redeem themselves and make good. Some young people are so badly damaged that they feel they have reached the point of no return and they know there is nothing left for them in t...

At the beginning of Chapter 9, Atticus is having a conversation with Scout about defending an African American named Tom Robinson. Scout goes on to ask Atticus if he will win the case, and Atticus tells her "No, honey" (Lee 48). When she asks why he still plans on defending Tom, Atticus tells her, "Simply because we were licked a hundred years before we started is no reason for us not to try to win" (Lee 48). Scout then tells Atticus that he sounds like Cousin Ike Finch. Scout describes Cousin Finch by saying, "Cousin Ike Finch was Maycomb County’s sole surviving Confederate veteran. He wore a General Hood type beard of which he was inordinately vain. At least once a year Atticus, Jem and I called on him, and I would have to kiss him. It was horrible. Jem and I would listen respectfully to Atticus and Cousin Ike rehash the war. “Tell you, Atticus,” Cousin Ike would say, “the Missouri Compromise was what licked us, but if I had to go through it agin I’d walk eve...

The first time we see George Wilson, his wife seems to order him around a bit, and he allows it.  When Tom and Nick arrive at the garage, she says to George, "'Get some chairs, why don't you, so somebody can sit down.'  'Oh, sure,' agreed Wilson hurriedly, and went toward the little office [...]."  Later, the last time he talks to Tom, he says, "'I've been here too long.  I want to get away.  My wife and I want to go West [....].  And now she's going whether she wants to or not.  I'm going to get her away.'"  At first, then, he seems to implicitly trust her, but once he finds out that she's been having an affair and cheating on him with someone else, he seems to believe that it is his prerogative to take away any other poor choices she might make.  He decides for them both that they are going to move away, and he doesn't really care if she still wants to go or not.  To be fair, he seems to genuinely mourn Myrtle after ...

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We are asked to find the sum `sum_(n=1)^(infty)(1/sqrt(n)-1/sqrt(n+1)) ` : This is an example of a telescoping series; virtually all of the terms in any partial sum are eliminated. Consider the first few partial sums: n=1: 1-1/2=1/2 n=2: (1-1/2)+(1/2-1/3)= 1 + (-1/2+1/2)-1/3=2/3 n=3: (1-1/2)+(1/2-1/3)+(1/3-1/4)=1+(-1/2+1/2)+(-1/3+1/3)-1/4=3/4 etc.. The mth partial sum is `1-1/sqrt(m+1) `  and it is obvious that as m tends to infinity the sum is 1. (You have to be very careful -- not all telescoping sums converge.  Consider 1-1+1-1+1-1+1-1+... Grouped one way you get 1: 1+(-1+1)+(-1+1)+... but grouped another way you get 0: (1-1)+(1-1)+(1-1)+... Some telescoping series are divergent. Again, be careful.) `sum_(n=1)^(infty)(1/sqrt(n)-1/sqrt(n+1))=1 `

At the beginning, the speaker is talking about people who once "were" alive. This is a poem about human potential (past or future), but the speaker does focus on the past and those who "were truly great." But note that this emphasis on the past is more complex than a simple acknowledgment of the great ones in history. In the first stanza, the speaker talks about how the great ones remember the soul's history and how this occurs through "corridors of light" with time measured in "suns." These are Platonic ideas. Plato said that absolute truth is represented by the sun: the eternal light. He also said that a person is born and, in order to achieve great knowledge, he/she must remember what his/her eternal soul has forgotten in the process of being born into the world. This is called anamnesis and it means that a person must remember what he knew prior to being born. Given the context of the rest of the poem, this idea of remembering relates to ...

There's no "translation" of Luke Shepherd's poem "The Upcheringe of the Messe" because it's already in English! So why does the poem look so strange and sometimes indecipherable? Because it is not written in modern English!  Luke Shepherd is a pen name derived from two religious references: "Luke" referring to the "Luke" of the Gospels and "Shepherd" referring to the biblical herders of sheep. The writer known as Luke Shepherd was penning his satirical religious works during the mid 16th century under the reign of Edward VI; this time period marked the gradual shift from Middle English to Early Modern English. While can be difficult to understand Early Modern English (which was used for Shakespeare's works, the King James Bible, etc.),  reading pieces like "The Upcheringe of the Messe" (which might be best classified as "Renaissance verse") is certainly not impossible for a contemporary reader.   So, ...

In Chapter 15 of Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird , Atticus is warned by Sheriff Heck Tate and a group of other men that the Cunninghams of Old Sarum are threatening to form a lynch mob. Hence, one negative is that Atticus is placed in the position of needing to defend Tom Robinson's life so that Robinson can make it to his trial. Due to racial prejudices, Atticus knows that Robinson's chances of being given a fair trial are extremely slim, yet Robinson's chances of receiving a fair trial are nonexistent if Robinson is killed before his trial. Therefore, Atticus knows that the only way to preserve justice is to defend Robinson's life. When the sheriff and other men gather outside the Finch house to talk to Atticus, Jem begins to worry about his father's safety. As a result of worry, Jem, Scout, and Dill sneak out of the house to find Atticus and see what he is up to the night Atticus leaves to protect Robinson. One positive in the chapter is that Scout, ...

The strongest metaphor Wilfred Owen uses in "Dulce et Decorum Est" is the metaphor of drowning in a "green sea." The poem describes a soldier who, during a poison gas attack, fails to get his gas mask on in time. The speaker in the poem sees the floundering man through the celluloid panes of his own gas mask. The green color of the chlorine gas plus the warped image caused by the celluloid lenses combine to make the man appear "as under a green sea"; his physical symptoms as he is deprived of oxygen are compared to drowning.  The speaker in the poem experiences what we would now call post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of seeing the man die. The speaker states, "In all my dreams, before my helpless sight, he plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning." Again, the metaphor of drowning is used. In the last section of the poem, the speaker addresses his "friend," and states that if she had the same kinds of dreams the speaker had, ...

Matter can have a few different forms: solid, liquid, gas or plasma. Solids are characterized by strong intermolecular forces and low spacing between the molecules. Thus, they are able to maintain their shape. In comparison, liquids have weaker intermolecular forces and more spacing between the molecules. This provides fluidity to the liquids and they are able to take the shape of the container they are held in.   The weaker intermolecular forces and higher intermolecular spacing is the reason liquids can be compressed more than solids. In comparison, solids will offer more resistance to compression. Gases are the easiest to compress, in comparison to solids and liquids, since the gas molecules are very loosely bound to each other and the spacing between the particles is very large. That is why gases expand so quickly. Hope this helps.  

The quote refers to the bargaining which goes on between Mrs. Crater and Mr. Shiftlet. In order to agree to marry Mrs. Crater's daughter Lucynell, Mr. Shiftlet wants the use of the car and money to take Lucynell to a hotel and buy her a nice dinner, sort of like a honeymoon. Mrs. Crater attempts to talk Mr. Shiftlet out of the whole thing, but eventually offers fifteen dollars, which Mr. Shiftlet says is not enough. When she offers $17.50, she indicates that's all she has and that Mr. Shiftlet won't "milk" anymore out of her. The term "milk" is simply a figure of speech. Just as in milking a cow, if there isn't anything left then there's no use trying to get more. The episode suggests the stinginess of Mrs. Crater and also an emphasis on money by Shiftlet, despite his claim that spiritual things were more important. The fact that he is referred to as "Mister" shows a more formalized world than we live in today where terms such as Mr., M...

In order to best answer the question, one first needs to understand the concept of irony. It is a method which an author uses to expose and criticize, make fun of or ridicule a person, situation or thing by pointing out its inherent or acquired flaws or shortcomings.  This particular quote is an extract from the final paragraph of Chapter Five, after Snowball had been aggressively expelled from the farm by Napoleon's vicious dogs. He had, at the time, been speaking about the benefits of building a windmill and it was pertinently clear that the majority of animals would vote for him. Napoleon recognized the threat and got rid of him. Later, Napoleon said that the windmill had been his idea from the start. When Squealer, who had been going around explaining this new development, was asked why Napoleon had been opposed to the idea in the first place, he slyly said that this was a 'tactic.' This is the word that the animals could not understand but they accepted Squealer's ...

Before cultural contact with Greece, Roman culture had forms of entertainment including athletic and gladiatorial contests, musical performances, perhaps mime, and other acts that share much in common with modern circuses such as jugglers. Roman drama per se was built mainly on Greek models. The comedies of Plautus and Terence were usually translations or adaptations of Greek New Comedy, especially of the works of Menander. They usually had romantic plots and many stock characters including clever servants, lustful old men, innocent young lovers, boastful soldiers, and evil pimps. While actors were all men during the Republic, during the Empire, women began to appear on stage.  The main Roman tragedies that have been preserved are those of Seneca, which are also based on Greek myths, but are not direct adaptation of Greek playwrights. They tend to be more melodramatic than Greek plays. Dramatic adaptations of the Gospel story began in medieval England. They slowly evolved from minor va...

Restriction enzymes or restriction endonucleases are sometimes called scissors because they are able to cut through the sugar-phosphate backbone of double-stranded DNA. Each restriction endonuclease is able to scan a piece of DNA for a particular 4-6 base pair sequence. Every time this sequence is found, the enzyme cuts through both strands of the DNA.  This cut can be blunt or straight across both strands of DNA or it can be uneven leaving what are called sticky ends where dangling nucleotides are left on the strands. Restriction endonucleases are important tools for producing recombinant DNA which is used frequently within the field of biotechnology. The endonucleases allow genes to be inserted into plasmids. The gene can be isolated and amplified using primers and a polymerase chain reaction and then a plasmid can be cut open using a restriction endonuclease and the gene can be inserted. Once it is inside of the plasmid, the plasmid can be put into competent bacterial cells so that ...

Germany invaded and occupied a total of 11 European nations from 1938-1941. The aggressive attacks on these countries were fueled by Nazi leader Adolf Hitler's desire to bring Germany back into prominence on the world stage. He spoke frequently about how the country's greatness would be restored, and many German people were eager to see this happen after being humbled and forced into dire economic straits by sanctions after World War I. Germany successfully invaded and occupied the following European countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Yugoslavia and Italy. Italy was initially an ally of Germany, but after Italy surrendered to the Americans and the British, the Germans captured Rome. The Germans also invaded England and the Soviet Union, but did not conquer either of those countries.

Mae Tuck goes into the woods in Treegap in order to meet her sons, Jesse and Miles. Mae makes this journey once every ten years in the first week of August, which is the time of the year with "strange and breathless days, the dog days, when people are led to do things they are sure to be sorry for after." Despite her husband's protestations that she should not go, Mae assures him: I'll ride in at sunset, just to the wood. I won't go into the village. But, even if someone did see me, they won't remember. They never did before, now, did they? Although the reader does not know it yet, Mae Tuck and the rest of her family have accidentally achieved immortality by drinking from a spring in the woods bordering Treetop; the Tucks have remained unchanged for eighty-seven years. As we will later discover, there is also an element of ritual to this journey. Not only do the boys return home to meet with their mother every ten years, but they happen to do so at the spring ...

The fight between the greasers and the Socs in the vacant lot is payback for Bob and Johnny.   The greasers and Socs are always fighting each other. They are in different social classes, and their different gangs are based on using class differences and territories to target one another. Usually, this involves gang members fighting one or two at a time, but sometimes there are “rumbles” where larger numbers become involved.  The big rumble at the end of the book comes about as a result of Bob and Randy's attack on Johnny, and Johnny killing Bob. Therefore, both gangs consider it an opportunity for payback. They both want revenge. The greasers blame Bob and Randy for attacking Johnny and Pony, which ultimately leads to Johnny's injuries from the church fire. The Socs blame Johnny for killing Bob.  [The] big rumble was coming up and we would settle this Soc-greaser thing once and for all (Chapter 7).   Both gangs meet at the vacant lot to fight. The greasers are assisted by Shepa...

Tessie Hutchinson arrives late. Author Shirley Jackson devotes two paragraphs to Tessie's arrival and her immersion into the crowd, beginning with the following sentence: Just as Mr. Summers finally left off talking and turned to the assembled villagers, Mrs. Hutchinson came hurriedly along the path to the square, her sweater thrown over her shoulders, and slid into place in the back of the crowd. The purpose of having Tessie Hutchinson arrive late and attract special attention is apparently not to foreshadow that she will be the person selected to be stoned. Rather, the author's purpose seems to be to characterize her more fully than any of the others, so the reader will visualize her distinctly and feel more sympathy for her than for a character who received no more introduction than a name and a line or two of dialogue. If Tessie is going to be the victim of the lottery, then she needs to be introduced without having the reader suspect a special purpose, if possible. "C...

First and foremost, Christie took the unusual step of having Dr. Sheppard function as the first person narrator of the story. We see everything through his eyes, filtered in such a way as to make himself look innocent. He becomes Hercule Poirot’s confidant, chronicling the events and even adding his own suspicions to throw the reader off even more. Because he only speaks in good terms of the victim and is a respected member of the town, as readers we instinctively trust him as well.  In addition, Christie also used her classic technique of having other characters with motive and opportunity. At one point Poirot observes, “Everyone at this table is hiding something,” and he is right. Dr. Sheppard acknowledges, “Everyone’s eyes dropped before him, including mine.” But we still don’t understand precisely what he means until the end. Christie leads us to believe he is feeling guilty about secretly hiding Ralph Paton in a hospital. Ralph Paton becomes a major focus of the book, with many ch...

Out of the Silent Planet is the first book in C.S. Lewis' "Space Trilogy." The brief novel follows the adventures of Dr. Ransom, a philologist, as he unwittingly finds himself on a journey to the planet Malacandra. In fact, Ransom had been kidnapped and brought to the planet by two men, Weston and Devine, who intend to sacrifice him to some of the planet's residents. Upon reaching the planet, Ransom escapes from his captors and eventually meets a friendly race of creatures known as the  hrossa. Eventually, a spirit known as an  eldila summons Ransom to come to the residence of Oyarsa--a spirit-being who rules Malacandra. On his journey to Oyarsa, Ransom encounters a race of beings skilled in the scientific arts--the  seroni  (singular  sorn) . Ransom had previously been afraid of the seroni --thinking them the oppressors of the  hrossa --but he finds the  seroni are quite friendly and not malicious. One  sorn , Augray, takes Ransom to Oyarsa. Weston and Devine have...

One lesson learned from the theme of identity is that too much of a woman’s identity is tied up in her chastity.  In the seventeenth century, women had no rights.  When Hero is denounced on her wedding day, she dies symbolically.  She has done nothing wrong, but she is rejected by her fiancé and by society.  All of this is on the word of a man who has no proof.  To reinforce this point for Claudio, the man who allowed himself to be fooled by the callous Don John and ruined Hero’s reputation, we have the funeral scroll.  CLAUDIO [Reading out of a scroll] Done to death by slanderous tongues Was the Hero that here lies: Death, in guerdon of her wrongs, Gives her fame which never dies. So the life that died with shame Lives in death with glorious fame. Hang thou there upon the tomb, Praising her when I am dumb. (Act 5, Scene 3)  Claudio marries Hero, but it is not Hero.  He has been told that Hero is dead and he can marry another woman.  When he marries Hero, he will see that it is her.  I...

I think that some of the best examples of power and powerlessness can be seen in the way Lennie and George interact with their world.   In the novella's opening chapter, George demonstrates frustration with his lack of agency. George's anger towards the bus driver is one such example: The rims of his eyes were red with sun glare. He said angrily, “We could just as well of rode clear to the ranch if that bastard bus driver knew what he was talkin’ about. ‘Jes’ a little stretch down the highway,’ he says. ‘Jes’ a little stretch.’ God damn near four miles, that’s what it was! Didn’t wanta stop at the ranch gate, that’s what. Too God damn lazy to pull up. Wonder he isn’t too damn good to stop in Soledad at all. Kicks us out and says ‘Jes’ a little stretch down the road.’ I bet it was more than four miles. Damn hot day. George voices anger about how the bus driver exerts power over Lennie and him. On a "damn hot day," he sees the bus driver as "lazy" and "to...

Indefinite integral follows the formula: `int f(x) dx = F(x)+C` where: `f(x)` as the integrand function `F(x)` as the antiderivative of `f(x) ` `C` as constant of integration.  The given integral problem: `int cot^4(theta) d theta` resembles one of the formulas from the integration table. It follows the integration formula for cotangent function as : `int cot^n(x) dx = - (cot^((n-1))(x))/(n-1) - int cot^((n-2)) (x) dx` . Applying the formula, we get: `int cot^4(theta) d theta =- (cot^((4-1))(theta))/(4-1) - int cot^((4-2)) (theta) d theta`                   `=- (cot^3(theta))/3 - int cot^2(theta) d theta`  To further evaluate the integral part:  `int cot^2(theta) d theta`  we may apply  trigonometric identity: `cot^2(theta) =csc^2(theta) -1` . `int cot^2(theta) d theta =int [csc^2(theta) -1] d theta` Apply basic integration property:` int (u-v) dx = int (u) dx - int (v) dx.` `int [csc^2(theta) -1] d theta =int csc^2(theta) d theta - int 1 d theta`                                      `...

There are several brain-based factors that influence the way we make decisions and think about things. Scientists have begun to isolate brain areas involved in different types of decisions using patients who have suffered injuries to one section of their brains. For example, scientists have found that the front part of the frontal lobe is involved in decisions that involve abstract reasoning, as this region of the brain controls planning, organization, and the so-called "executive functions" (the ability to decide on and execute a task). Decisions that involve concrete reasoning involve the back of the frontal lobe. Other decisions that involve integrating visual information are processed through the parietal lobe, which processes sensory information. When part of the brain is involved in a decision, it shows increased activity in the neurons in that region. Memory is processed in an area of the brain called the limbic system, which includes the amygdala, hippocampus, and oth...

At first, the Lilliputians consider starving Gulliver because they recognize that it is going to be very costly to feed him; however, they then consider how difficult his carcass will be to get rid of if he dies, and they fear the contagion that could spread around the kingdom as a result.  They decide initially to feed him while they figure out what they want to do with him in the long term, bringing him several cows, dozens of sheep, a large quantity of bread and wine, etc., each morning.  Eventually, they figure out that Gulliver's body is the equivalent of 1728 of theirs, and so he will require 1728 times more food each day than each of them.  Swift, therefore, encourages his audience to consider the Lilliputians' "Ingenuity" in addition to "the prudent and exact Economy of so great a Prince."  It is clear that they also have some skill in Mathematics, and they are very practical and unemotional in this sense: they opt to keep Gulliver alive because it i...

There are 4 forces acting on the block: gravitational force `mg` downwards, the force `F_0` downwards, the reaction force `N` upwards, the friction force `F_f` horizontally. The net force `F_(n et),` which is their vector sum, gives the block some acceleration `a.` By Newton's Second law `F_(n et) = ma.` Because the block moves horizontally, its speed and acceleration are also horizontal. Thus the net force is also horizontal that means all vertical forces are balanced, `N = mg + F_0,` and `F_(n et) = F_f.` It is known that `F_f = mu N = mu(mg + F_0).` Therefore, the acceleration magnitude is `a =mu(mg + F_0)/m =mu(g + F_0/m).` Also it is known that friction force is opposite to the direction of movement. Therefore, the speed of the block is `V(t) = v - at` and the block stops at time `t_1 = v/a` (when the speed becomes zero). The distance as a function of time is therefore  `D(t) = vt - (at^2)/2, tlt=t_1,`  and the farthest distance is `D(t_1) = vt_1 - (at_1^2)/2 = vt_1 - (vt_1)/2...

Orwell's novella is an analogy for the events leading up to the Russian Revolution and Stalin's eventual rise to power as leader of the corrupt Soviet Union. Initially, Orwell praises old Major's beliefs of equality and camaraderie among the animals. Old Major represents Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin's socialist beliefs. Orwell believed socialism was the most egalitarian form of government and supported its ideologies when compared to capitalism. Unfortunately, the pigs consolidated control over the farm and Napoleon usurps power and becomes a tyrannical leader. Orwell also believed all people are capable of becoming corrupt, which is why some forms of socialism can be dangerous. In many socialist governments, power is consolidated, and decisions are made by a select few. Animal Farm is essentially a warning to citizens that a socialist form of government can become corrupt and easily morph into an authoritative regime. 

There were many countries that did not have a claim to lands in North America. It would probably be more prudent to discuss the European countries that actually had claims.  England had claims along the eastern seaboard of present-day United States and after the French and Indian War, much of eastern Canada. The Spanish had claims in Mexico, the southwest United States and Florida.  The French were in Canada, particularly in the area around Quebec while the Netherlands at one point were around the Hudson Bay.  A country that had claims in the New World but their territories were in South America.   The Treaty of Tordesillas was an agreement between Spain and Portugal that kept the Portuguese out of North America.  

The question refers to Act lll, scene lll, when the mob attacks Cinna the poet. Since he bears the same name as Cinna the conspirator, they decide to kill him. When he pleads for his life and cries out that he is Cinna the poet, they are so driven by their lust for blood and revenge, that they shout that he should be torn to pieces for his bad verses. The innocent Cinna loses his life because the mob has become a savage, bloodthirsty force that has lost all reason. It was Antony's highly emotive speech whilst standing next to the slain Caesar's bloody body in the market, that drove the crowd into a frenzy. Antony's speech had manipulated them to such an extent that they turned away from Brutus and demanded his blood and vengeance on all those who conspired with him in Caesar's assassination. The idea of the mob being uninformed is somewhat problematic. An assumption that they are uninformed about why Caesar had been killed would not be entirely correct since Brutus had ...

The early settlers of Jamestown faced many hardships.  Their first winter (1609-1610) was a difficult one, and they faced cold, disease, and hunger.  Most of the settlers died during this time.  A drought earlier in the year 1609 had led to food shortages for the winter.  The remaining colonists decided to abandon Jamestown all together.  They were about to leave when supply ships arrived with food and other necessities from England.  If the ships had not arrived when they did, the Jamestown colony would have been completely abandoned. Along with the fresh supplies, a new governor arrived.  Governor West was determined to revitalize the Jamestown settlement.  John Rolfe also arrived with a new type of tobacco to grow.  This tobacco became an important crop in Jamestown.  Settlers eventually expanded to areas outside of Jamestown.  Over time, more settlers arrived and the colony grew.

This is a tough question, because ultimately Herman Calloway is  not  Bud's father.  Bud will never be able to prove that Mr. Calloway is his father.   I'd like to suggest something like a DNA test, but that technology was not around during the Great Depression.  Bud could hope for a blood typing match, since that was invented in 1900 by Karl Landsteiner.  The problem with blood typing though is that it doesn't always prove a family relationship.  It's genetically possible to have a completely different blood type than your parents.   I think Bud's main mistake was that he boldly claimed that Herman Calloway was his father without offering up any reasons why he thought so.  Bud just assumed that Mr. Calloway knew it to be the truth.   I pointed right at Herman E. Calloway's big belly. "You know it's you." Of course Mr. Calloway knows that he is not Bud's father. But Mr. Calloway also never explains why it can't be him.  Bud also doesn't...

One theme of this epic poem is that there is no place like home.  Odysseus spends almost twenty years trying to get back to Ithaca and to his family, not content to be anywhere else (even if he's basically been in paradise twice with Circe and Calypso).  He says, "Nothing more sweet than home [...] can there be, however rich one's dwelling far in a foreign land [...]."  Another theme addresses the value of life.  When Odysseus is in the Underworld, he speaks with Achilles, telling him not to be sad about being dead because he is so incredibly respected by all the living.  However, Achilles says, "'Mock not at death, glorious Odysseus.  Better to be the hireling of a stranger, and serve a man of mean estate whose living is but small, than be the ruler over all these dead and gone."  In other words, it is better to live a life of no consequence than it is to be powerful among the dead.  Life is to be cherished. Penelope's and Odysseus's commitment ...

Don Pedro, the Prince of Arragon, and Leonato, Governor of Messina, plot to make Beatrice and Benedick fall in love. Don Pedro tells his friend Benedick, “I shall see thee, ere I die, look pale with love,” which Benedick staunchly denies: “With anger, with sickness, or with hunger, my lord, not with love.” Benedick rails against women and marriage, just as Beatrice thanks god that she is not married because no man is for her. While waiting for the marriage between Claudio and Hero, the prince proposes to play matchmaker. He knows how difficult it will be to unite the stubborn Beatrice and Benedick, for he compares it to “one of Hercules' labours.” Leonato immediately agrees, as do Claudio and Hero. Don Pedro decides to do this to have some fun and prevent boredom, because he cares about both Beatrice and Benedick, and perhaps because he enjoys and is used to having control over other people. This plan involves talking about Beatrice’s “love” for Benedick in front of him, while pret...

Piggy is an interesting character--one that is open to multiple interpretations. Piggy displays characteristics that should make him an important leader among the boys; however, Piggy is almost universally mocked and even despised by the others. Golding shows that prejudice and rejection of the "other" in a society can deprive it of the full contributions of its highly talented members--to the detriment of the rejected individuals and the society. Piggy is intelligent, has creative ideas, and has a natural bent toward administration. These are attributes that should have been valued by the boys and would have enriched their life on the island if fully utilized. However, Piggy is perceived as "other," causing the boys to discount many of his words and ideas:  "Piggy was a bore; his fat, his ass-mar and his matter-of-fact ideas were dull. ... There had grown up tacitly among the biguns the opinion that Piggy was an outsider, not only by accent, which did not matt...

Langston Hughes generates foreshadowing, or hints of things to come, with the characterization of Mrs. Luella Bates Washington Jones, a large woman who is both physically and spiritually strong. She is "old school," as she might describe herself; that is, she does not tolerate dishonesty, stealth, or indolence. This characterization foreshadows Mrs. Jones's having no problem defending herself and her principles, as well as taking a dominant role. In the opening paragraph of the exposition of "Thank You, Ma'am," Mrs. Jones is described as "a large woman" who walks alone at eleven o'clock at night. When the boy runs up to grab her purse, she "simply turned around and kicked him...." Then, she picks up this boy and shakes him until his teeth rattle. The fact that Mrs. Jones reverses roles with her would-be assailant in the exposition of the story adds humor, but it also foreshadows her dominant role in the narrative. She scolds Roger for...

Well, I would expect any planet with no plate tectonics to have little to no volcanic eruptions. If there is no mantel, then there would be no liquid rock for the planet to eject in the first place. In addition, the presence of volcanoes on a planet would suggest a mantel and possible plate tectonics. Dissolved gasses in the magma are released as volcanoes erupt. On earth, these gasses are commonly water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, and hydrogen halides like HF, HCl, and HBr. A strongly volcanic planet would have an atmosphere of similar composition; consider, for example, Venus. Venus is the most volcanic planet in the solar system, with almost 90% of the surface being basalt rock, or freshly cooled lava. The atmosphere of Venus, in comparison, is primarily carbon dioxide with trace sulfur dioxide--an almost perfect match.

Privilege is a certain sense of immunity, right, or freedom granted to a person, and this plays a major role in society. In an egalitarian society, privilege does not really exist because all members of the group are treated equally. In a stratified society, privilege is limited to a certain portion of society or at least made more difficult for some to attain. Race is an unfortunately common factor in "justifying" social stratification, especially in cultures where there is a history of colonialism or slavery. Racism is the devaluation and discrimination of people of a particular "racial" group, typically distinguished by physical characteristics like skin, hair, and eye color. While organizing people into certain groups based on shared physical characteristics is not an act of violence on its own, the conflation of arbitrary values and characteristics and the devaluation or preference for certain physical traits is. In societies where race is a factor in stratific...

Ebenezer Dorset is instructed to place the ransom money, along with his reply to the letter, in a pasteboard box. In their letter to the wealthy banker Dorset, Sam writes that they are "two desperate men" who will return the boy safely if Mr. Dorset places fifteen hundred dollars in large bills in the same place as his reply to their message: At the bottom of the fence-post, opposite the third tree, will be found a small pasteboard box. The original idea by the two kidnappers was to take the child of a prominent citizen of the small community of Summit, Alabama, where the enforcer of the law would only be a constable. After they capture the red-headed boy, it is Sam and especially Bill who become the victims because the child, who wishes to be called Red Chief, is wild and dangerous. For instance, he sits on top of Bill and tries to scalp him with a case-knife, and he threatens to burn Sam at the stake. Later, he rides Bill all around the area in which they are hiding, then s...

Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk, botanist, and the father of genetics. He conducted a number of experiments and observational studies of the plants he tended around the monastery. His most famous discovery resulted from working with pea plants, where he noticed that traits like blossom color followed a particular pattern of inheritance. Today we call this pattern and its study "Mendelian Genetics." Mendel determined that certain traits in his pea plants were either "dominant" or "recessive," and that the recessive traits were far less likely to be expressed as compared to the dominant. Have you ever worked with Punnett squares in science class? This type of diagram draws directly from Mendel's identification of dominant and recessive genes. By "crossing" two specimens of known genotype, you can predict the probability of all possible resulting phenotypes.  Though Mendel made no efforts to publicize his own work, it has become indispensable...

You are being asked to think critically about the idea of theme in the story of your choice. In my opinion, “Thank You, M’am” by Langston Hughes is a good choice for this type of essay. There are a number of themes to think about in this story including forgiveness, trust, and empathy. Hughes expresses each of these themes, as supported by text evidence, in the setting of poverty and deprivation in Harlem. The story of a young man stealing an older woman’s pocketbook could have been presented in a variety of ways, but Hughes chooses to have the victim become the benevolent teacher, while the perpetrator becomes the contrite student. Only because Mrs. Jones places her trust in Roger, does he learn the lessons that develop as the themes of the story. By thinking carefully about Mrs. Jones' actions, and Roger’s reactions, you will have the material needed to write a critical essay about the theme/themes in the story.

Although he is fairly ordinary at heart, Winston Smith functions as the main hero in George Orwell's dystopian world. This fact might surprise some readers; after all, Winston succumbs to torture at the end of the novel and finishes the narrative as a devout follower of Big Brother. While his end might be tragic, Winston spends the vast majority of the novel exhibiting a quiet and inspiring heroism, so it would be mistaken to judge him solely on his miserable fate in the final pages of 1984 . The clearest example of Winston's heroism occurs quite early in the novel: in the first chapter, he steals home to write his thoughts in a diary. This seemingly simple act is perhaps Winston's most heroic moment. Since Big Brother polices the minds of its citizens and punishes those who dare to think for themselves, the decision to record independent ideas in a journal is a rebellious act against the established order. As such, Winston's early decision to rebel by thinking (and wri...

Hooke's law states that a force is needed to stretch or compress a spring by a distance of x. The force is proportional to the distance x. is written as `F = kx` where:  F  = force k = proportionality constant or spring constant  x= length displacement from its natural length Applying the given variable force: `F= 5`  to compress a `15` -inch spring a total of `3` inches, we get: `F=kx` `5=k*3` `k=5/3` Plug-in `k =5/3` on Hooke's law, we get: `F = (5/3)x` Works is done when a force is applied to move an object to a new position, It can be defined with formula: `W = F*Deltax `  where:  `F` = force or ability to do work. `Deltax` = displacement as  With  variable force function: `F (x)= (5/3)x ` , we set-up the integral application for work as: `W = int_a^b F(x) dx` `W = int_0^7 (5/3)xdx` Apply basic integration property: `int c*f(x)dx= c int f(x)dx.` `W = (5/3)int_0^7 xdx` Apply Power rule for integration: `int x^n(dx) = x^(n+1)/(n+1).` `W = (5/3) * x^(1+1)/(1+1)|_0^7` `W = (5/3...

A simple way to structure a critical analysis of a poem is to follow a D-A-C format. "D" represents the denotation of the piece, or the face value meaning. Simply relate in straightforward terms what the poem is describing, or if it is a story poem, summarize the story. The "A" stands for appreciation. In this section, discuss the techniques the poet uses to create a powerful and/or lyrical effect. You might think about asking yourself why the poem is in your anthology, or why this poem has become famous or well loved. Think about both literary devices and sound devices. Literary devices include symbolism, figurative language (such as similes, metaphors, personification, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, and understatement), and irony. Sound devices include rhyme, rhythm, meter, repetition, alliteration, consonance, assonance, and onomatopoeia. "C" stands for the connotation, or deeper meaning, of the poem. How do the face value meaning, the literary techni...

The symptoms described in the student's question are consistent with a diagnosis of strep throat. In fact, they are a textbook definition of strep throat. The inflammation of the tonsils would, obviously, suggest a potential for tonsillitis, but absent a history of such inflammation, and given the additional information provided, especially the reference to a positive lab result for a Strep swab, the most likely condition is strep throat, caused by the Streptococcus bacteria. Sore throats can be either viral or bacterial. In the case of the former, the condition can be expected to disappear on its own, with over-the-counter medications, mainly acetaminophen or ibuprofen, given to the child to reduce the fever and soreness. In the case of a bacterial infection, however, an antibiotic will generally be prescribed. Unfortunately, a history of over-prescription of antibiotics has rendered them increasingly ineffective due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. Co...

Filter papers are used for the separation of solids from the liquid component of a solution. This is a technique of filtration that uses gravity to draw the liquid through the filter paper. The other is the vacuum or suction filtration technique. There are two main methods of using the gravity filtration technique. The first method is the conical filter method where the filter paper is folded into a cone and inserted into a funnel. One disadvantage of this method is that the solvent may form a seal between the funnel and the filter paper and prevent displaced air from escaping. This could slow down the filtration process considerably and if the solvent seal is total, it may completely stop the filtration process. The second method is the fluted filter method where the paper is folded into the fluted filter. The main advantage of this method is that it increases the speed of filtration by letting air enter the flask along its sides to bring about pressure equalization. In addition, the ...