"True happiness lies neither in material possession nor in knowledge or learning. Materialistic life is futile, fleeting, illusionary, and...
The second part of the statement is best supported by using the banker. When the story begins, he is an obscenely wealthy individual. The money that is on the line when making the bet with the lawyer is trivial to him. He makes the bet of two million in the same casual manner that I would make a bet using two dollars. But at the end of the story, the banker has lost almost all of his net worth. His wealth was temporary and fleeting.
As for the first part of the statement, the best support is found through the lawyer's character. By the end of his fifteen years of confinement, he is incredibly well-educated. He's read up on just about every possible topic, and he has taught himself multiple languages; however, he's completely jaded with mankind by the time that he leaves his cell.
"To prove to you in action how I despise all that you live by, I renounce the two millions of which I once dreamed as of paradise and which now I despise."
Despite his vast knowledge, the lawyer is unhappy. He is unhappy with his understanding of the world and the people within it. His advanced learning has caused him to despise the very world that he is going to enter again. Additionally, he knows that the money can't make him happy either. He once thought that the money would make him comfortable and happy, but he now knows that is not the case. That's why he intentionally loses the bet and walks away completely broke.
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