Notes

Social justice is a concept that has to do with equality and fairness in society. This could include ideas such as the fact that all members of society deserve to be treated fairly under the law, have access to making a living, access to adequate housing, clean water, food, health care, etc. In Victorian England, the setting of Oliver Twist and of all of Dickens' novels, there was a great deal of inequality in society, mainly because of the division of wealth and labor. Dickens sought to illustrate the problems with this system in his stories, and his novel  Oliver Twist is a particularly strong example because it depicts one of the worst expressions of inequality in that culture: the treatment of orphaned children. Dickens was able to raise awareness about the plight of orphans in the workhouses, and the general living conditions of the poor. He did this by depicting the lives of the poor via well-drawn characters like Oliver Twist himself, a spirited boy who responds to his cru...

The American and his girlfriend Jig have come to a train station in Spain near the Ebro River (rivers often run through Hemingway's stories). At first, they seem like a happy-go-lucky couple who are just enjoying a vacation. In the first part of the story, the reader understands that the man is in full control of the situation. He speaks Spanish, the language of the country where they are traveling, while the woman does not. He is seemingly an expert on the drinks they order. He is in charge of the luggage they are carrying, and presumably the itinerary of their travels. She appears passive and not really able to make up her own mind. At first, she says the hills look like white elephants (a veiled reference to the baby she is carrying), but later retracts that statement when it doesn't seem to suit the American. All the while, the American is attempting to convince her to have an abortion. In this matter he also takes on the role of the expert in women's reproductive issue...

There were several instances when the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union almost became "hot."  But most historians agree that the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 was perhaps the most dangerous moment in the conflict, when both sides came the closest to nuclear war.  The crisis, which lasted nearly two weeks, occurred when the Soviet Union under Nikita Khrushchev secretly sent nuclear missiles to the island of Cuba. These missiles gave the Soviets what was known as "first-strike" capability, because they could reach most of the east coast of the United States within five minutes, making a full nuclear response impossible. When American spy planes revealed the existence of the missiles to military leaders, President John F. Kennedy demanded that they be removed, and imposed a naval blockade, known as a "quarantine" for diplomatic reasons, on the island. Kennedy opted not to attack the island, which we know now would almost certainly...

At the end of Act Four, John Proctor is deciding between confessing a lie to save his life and refusing to lie but losing his life as a result.  He believes that he's already ruined his soul by cheating on his wife, and so he thinks that it would be wrong for him to go to his death, acting "like a saint," as though he had a soul worth saving.  Eventually John decides to confess the lie that he is a witch so that he can keep his life.  Elizabeth cries " in terror [...]: I cannot judge you, John, I cannot!"  She feels that she cannot judge John for his decision, though she would not likely make the same decision herself (as he's already pointed out); however, the fact that she weeps "in terror" makes it seem as though she is frightened by his choice.  Elizabeth does not speak again until the very end, after John has torn up his confession and refused to lie; this means that he will die.  When Mr. Hale encourages Elizabeth to plead with John and make...

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Atoms are the smallest fragments of matter that retain their chemical identity. Atoms contain a number of particles, including protons, neutrons and electrons. Among these, protons are positively charged, while electrons are negatively charged and neutrons are neutrally charged. The protons and neutrons exist within the nucleus, while electrons are located outside it.  Each element is characterized by two terms: atomic number and mass number. The atomic number is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus. Mass number, on the other hand, is the sum total of protons and neutrons of an atom. To determine the number of protons and neutrons in the atoms of a given element, we need to know the atomic number and mass number of the element. Using that information, we can find the number of protons and neutrons as: number of protons = atomic number number of neutrons = mass number - number of protons Hope this helps.

Although many factors contribute to Macbeth's imminent downfall, the play suggests that Macbeth alone is to blame for his own demise. He admits that his own ambition is the very reason he cannot prevent himself from committing evil deeds: Stars, hide your fires; Let not light see my black and deep desires... I have no spur To prick the sides of my intent, but only Vaulting ambition, which o'erleaps itself And falls on the other. We know that Macbeth is encouraged by his wife and the witches' prophecy to pursue his ambition. He needs to murder king Duncan if he wants to ascend the throne. Nevertheless, his inability to stifle his unrestrained ambition causes him to transform himself from a loyal and valiant warrior to an evil tyrant. Once Macbeth kills the benevolent king Duncan, he does not stop until he gets rid of anyone who he feels threatened by (Banquo, Macduff's family, etc.). By embracing evil, Macbeth deprives himself of peace and happiness. In Act V, he realize...